北方地区典型天气对城市森林内大气颗粒物的影响

以北京西山几种游憩型城市森林为例,在一年四季选择典型天气条件,对4种粒径的大气颗粒物浓度进行全天24h监测,研究北方地区不同季节典型天气因素白昼不同时段对不同结构的城市森林内不同粗细粒径的大气颗粒物浓度变化的影响.结果发现:降雨使大气颗粒物浓度减少,尤其粗颗粒物(TSP只为连续晴天的0.58~0.68),所以雨后晴天粒径较小的颗粒物所占比例会增加.不过,有时在雨后的夜间由于空气湿度大大气颗粒物浓度也会增加.雪能够降低大气颗粒物浓度,“雪后晴天”4种粒径颗粒物浓度均只有连续晴天的0.2倍.多云和雾霾天气使大气颗粒物污染加重,尤其在夜间;雾霾和多云对小粒径颗粒物浓度的增加效果明显.夏季高温高湿静风、闷热的“桑拿天”能使郁闭度较大的林地内大气颗粒物特别是细颗粒物浓度及其所占的比例显著增加,PM2.5的浓度是“连续晴天”的2.53倍.风在雨后能使大气颗粒物在一定程度上扩散减少,而在天气干燥时刮风会增加城市森林内大气颗粒物的浓度,且多云会加重干燥天气刮风后大气颗粒物的污染程度.春、冬季林地裸露的落叶阔叶树在刮风时大气颗粒物浓度较四季常绿、地表覆盖物多的针叶林高,夏、秋季桑拿天和雾霾天郁闭度大的侧柏林大气颗粒物浓度较林地结构开阔的黄栌林高.     

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

Lignin and its effects on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems

Lignin is a major component of plant litter. In this review, we found lignin comprises a complex class of organic compounds whose concentration differs greatly both between and within plant species. There are many analytical methods for detecting the composition and structure of lignins. As lignins are enormously complex compounds, chemical assay is difficult and different methods vary with the results. Lignin plays a significant role in the carbon cycle, sequestering atmospheric carbon into the living tissues of woody perennial vegetation. It has also great effects on nitrogen dynamics of forest ecosystems as well as other ecological processes. Lignin is one of the most slowly decomposing components of dead vegetation, contributing a major fraction of the material that becomes humus as it decomposes. Lignin is highly correlated with decomposition of litter. Thus, there is evidence that the lignin concentration is a more influential factor than the other chemical concentrations, in determining the rate of leaf litter decomposition of different forest ecosystems. Although a great number of researchers have addressed lignin's role in litter decomposition, still there are many aspects of lignin biogeochemistry that are not known. This lack of information hinders complete amalgam of lignin effects on litter decomposition processes and dynamics of nutrient cycling.     

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a mangrove forest affected by forest fire

Surface soils affected by forest fires from Igbanko mangrove forest in Nigeria were analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total PAHs concentrations in the soils ranged from 63 to 188?µg?kg^?1 dry weight (average: 108?µg?kg^?1). The three predominant PAHs in the soils were naphthalene (Na), fluoranthene (Flu), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF). Compared to the control sample (19?µg?kg^?1), elevated PAHs concentrations were observed in the soils, an indication of some level of PAHs contamination. PAHs source diagnostic ratios of Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr) and Ant/(Ant?+?Phe) indicated that the PAHs have a pyrogenic origin which may have resulted from combustion of grass, wood, or coal. An assessment based on Canadian soil quality guidelines indicated that the studied locations do not pose any serious adverse risk on human health.     

Societal change and the control of deforestation in Thailand

Thailand underwent a major shift in forest policy in the second half of the 1980s to promote sustainable management and control of deforestation. This paper puts this in the context of earlier changes in forest policy and analyses the underlying causes of the shift by analysing changes in the relative strength of different interest groups within the framework of a policy pressures model. Internal pressures had a stronger impact on Thai forest policy than external pressures. Protectionist groups became more numerous and more powerful in Thailand in the 1980s in relation to exploitative groups, and their rise in influence was facilitated by continuing progress in democratization and pluralization, linked to the consequences of economic development. Such political change could help to explain the apparent link between better environmental management and economic development shown in the Environmental Kuznets Curve.     

Indigenous uses and structure of chir pine forest in Uttaranchal Himalaya,India

The various indigenous uses and structure of chir pine forests were studied in Uttaranchal state of the Indian Republic. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 50 villages of Uttaranchal to gather information on the indigenous uses of chir pine. For the study of community composition and structure of chir pine forest, at least 15 quadrats of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly across various localities, and the number of individuals, along with other dominant tree and shrub species, were enumerated in each quadrat. About 10 indigenous uses of chir pine were prominent in Uttaranchal. Besides resin, an important non-wood product, different parts of chir pine, such as cones, trunk, stems, wood, leaves and bark, were used by the local people. Chir pine is a subject of the folklore and mythology of indigenous cultures in Uttaranchal. Chir pine forest formed three major communities in Uttaranchal viz., sal-pine (Shorea robusta-Pinus roxburghii), pine pure stands and oak-pine (Quercus leucho-trichophora-Pinus roxburghii). These communities sustained various multiple-use trees and shrubs along with various edible mushrooms (eg. Agaricus campestris, Morchella esculenta and Sparassis crispa). The results of this study are discussed in the light of chir pine conservation and management policies.     

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.     

The archaeology of deforestation in south coastal Turkey

The Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project investigates landscape transformation as a component to its regional survey of ancient Rough Cilicia (south coastal Turkey opposite Cyprus). Rough Cilicia was celebrated during antiquity for pristine cedar forests that stood between 1500 and 1800 m in altitude along the slopes of the Taurus Mountains. Today along the front range of the Taurus Mountains this forest is completely denuded or otherwise replanted with recent growth in the past 80 years. We employ paleoenvironmental analysis of relic cedar forests in the Taurus Mountains to construct a timeline of anthropogenic disturbances associated with population growth over time and thereby assess the sustainability of ancient forestry practices. To obtain these data, the team recovers pollen and carbon samples from geomorphologic trenches excavated in the cedar zone, tree ring data from dendrochronological survey of the existing forest, and archaeological data from remains of ancient highland settlements. Preliminary results indicate that current perspectives about the timing of deforestation in this region are flawed and that the initial deforestation coincided with regional site abandonment and population decline at the end of antiquity.     

季风常绿阔叶林演替系列菌根资源及其与群落多样性的关系

随着森林生态系统的正向演替,植物物种多样性、群落结构、生产力以及土壤条件均会发生显著的变化,这些变化对菌根类型和多样性会产生不同程度的影响。为了探讨群落结构和功能的变化对菌根资源可能产生的影响,选择季风常绿阔叶林及其演替系列上的代表性森林生态系统为对象,对菌根化根系、菌根类型和菌根真菌孢子密度进行调查,并结合已有的群落信息和土壤养分状况,分析在森林演替过程中菌根资源的变化情况和可能的影响因素。结果表明:季风常绿阔叶林各演替阶段的森林生态系统中菌根化比例接近70%,但不同演替阶段森林的优势菌根类型存在明显的差异。处于演替初期的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以丛枝菌根为主,占菌根总数的78%;演替中期的针阔叶混交林中的外生菌根占有绝对优势,占75%,是丛枝菌根的3倍;演替顶级的季风常绿阔叶林中的外生菌根和丛枝菌根的比例相当。马尾松林的菌根真菌孢子密度最高,每20 g风干土壤中的孢子数量高达2 925个,是针阔叶混交林的2.5倍,季风常绿阔叶林的2倍。演替系列上的森林生态系统的菌根类型的差异与植物物种多样性和群落结构,尤其是林下的灌木、草本层密度存在一定的相关性,同时也受土壤养分状况的影响。马尾松林具有较丰富的草本植物和较高的草本层密度,并且该森林的土壤相对贫瘠,这些条件都有利于丛枝菌根真菌侵染草本植物的根系形成丛枝菌根并产生大量孢子。针阔叶混交林中外生菌根的优势主要受该森林中外生菌根植物在群落组成上的绝对优势影响。季风常绿阔叶林的物种丰富,群落结构复杂,因此该森林呈现了两种类型菌根优势相当的现象。该文的结果表明,随着季风常绿阔叶林演替的进行,菌根资源在类型上会出现较大的分异,而这种变化受植物物种数量、群落结构的影响,与土壤养分状况存在一定的关系,并且不同演替阶段森林生态系统影响菌根组成的因素存在差异。     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。