湿热处理参数对餐厨垃圾脱水和脱油性能的影响

为了改善餐厨垃圾脱水和脱油性能,提高处理效果,对餐厨垃圾湿热工艺中的温度和加热时间等主要影响因素进行了2因素5水平的完全试验,分析了湿热处理产物的比阻、脱水率和可浮油含量等指标的变化规律,构建了餐厨垃圾固相脂质浸出反应动力学模型,研究了湿热处理参数对餐厨垃圾脱水和脱油性能的影响机理.结果表明,湿热处理初期,垃圾脱水率下降,加热40min后,脱水率开始上升,且温度越高,上升越快,180℃加热100min达最高;随着温度的升高和加热时间的延长,餐厨垃圾脱油性能呈上升趋势,温度越高,上升趋势越明显;当温度达到1     

香港灌丛植被的数量分类与环境关系分析

灌丛是香港植被的主要组成部分,2005年1—3月在香港地区(包括香港岛、九龙、新界和大屿山岛)设置样地,利用组平均法(UPGMA)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对香港灌丛群落进行聚类和排序分析. 结果表明,灌丛植被可划分为7个群落类型:桃金娘、米碎花、岗松、苏铁蕨、大头茶、山油柑和细齿柃. DCA排序揭示了灌丛群落的分布格局与环境因子的生态关系,DCA排序第1轴反映了灌丛群落所在环境的湿度梯度,排序图的对角线指示出海拔梯度,也反映了温度的变化. 结合物种多样性分析发现,物种多样性指数随海拔的升高而减少,说明水热条件和海拔是制约灌丛植被分布格局的主要因素.      

厌氧填埋垃圾降解阶段指标体系的建立

以厌氧填埋场中垃圾的降解过程为依托点,从渗滤液的水质特征和填埋气的组成两个方面筛选出判断指标,最后建立判断填埋垃圾降解阶段的指标体系.结果表明,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)可以反映出渗滤液的可生化性,从而间接反映出填埋垃圾所处的降解阶段,是判断填埋垃圾降解阶段的重要定量指标.     

基于层次分析法的有毒作业场所职业危害程度分级指标研究

我国目前职业危害形势依然严峻,急、慢性职业中毒案例时有发生。对可能引起急、慢性职业中毒的有毒作业场所,按照其职业危害严重程度实施分级、分重点监管,成为我国职业危害监管工作需要解决的迫切需求。实施有毒作业场所分级监管的关键,是确定合理的分级指标,从而将有毒作业场所区分开。本文应用层次分析法,对有毒作业场所的各项评价指标进行分析,并最终确定毒物浓度超标倍数作为最终的分级指标,从而为制定有毒作业场所分级标准,开展有毒作业场所分级监管提供科学的依据。     

乡镇垃圾分类循环利用现状——以闽侯县上街镇为例

由于我国乡镇经济的迅速发展以及乡镇村民生活水平加速提高,乡镇的垃圾种类及数量趋向于城市.乡镇村民居住较为分散,垃圾分类、收集、循环利用相较于城市困难,因此推进乡镇垃圾分类循环利用迫在眉睫.本文从闽侯县上街镇展开调查,以乡镇垃圾分类、回收循环利用为关键词展开分析,并从上街镇垃圾分类循环利用模式存在的问题进行分析、总结和建...     

Suitable error evaluation criteria selection in the wind energy assessment via the K-means clustering algorithm

In this paper, wind energy potential of four locations in Xinjiang region is assessed. The Weibull distribution as well as the Logistic and the Lognormal distributions are applied to describe the distributions of the wind speed at different heights. In determining the parameters in the Weibull distribution, four intelligent parameter optimization approaches including the differential evolutionary, the particle swarm optimization, and two other approaches derived from these two algorithms and combined advantages of these two approaches are employed. Then the optimal distribution is chosen through the Chi-square error (CSE), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test error (KSE), and the root mean square error (RMSE) criteria. However, it is found that the variation range of some criteria is quite large, thus these criteria are analyzed and evaluated both from the anomalous values and by the K-means clustering method. Anomaly observation results have shown that the CSE is the first one should be considered to be eliminated from the consequent optimal distribution function selection. This idea is further confirmed by the K-means clustering algorithm, by which the CSE is clustered into a different group with KSE and RMSE. Therefore, only the reserved two error evaluation criteria are utilized to evaluate the wind power potential.     

Community participatory landscape classification and biodiversity assessment and monitoring of grazing lands in northern Kenya

In this study, we asked the Ariaal herders of northern Kenya to answer "why, what and how" they classified landscape, and assessed and monitored the biodiversity of 10 km(2) of grazing land. To answer the "why question" the herders classified grazing resources into 39 landscape patches grouped into six landscape types and classified soil as 'warm', 'intermediate' or 'cold' for the purpose of land use. For the "what question" the herders used soil conditions and vegetation characteristics to assess biodiversity. Plant species were described as 'increasers', 'decreasers' or 'stable'. The decreaser species were mostly grasses and forbs preferred for cattle and sheep grazing and the increasers were mostly woody species preferred by goats. The herders evaluated biodiversity in terms of key forage species and used absence or presence of the preferred species from individual landscapes for monitoring change in biodiversity. For the "how question" the herders used anthropogenic indicators concerned with livestock management for assessing landscape potential and suitability for grazing. The anthropogenic indicators were related to soils and biodiversity. The herders used plant species grazing preferences to determine the links between livestock production and biodiversity. By addressing these three questions, the study shows the value of incorporating the indigenous knowledge of herders into classification of landscape and assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in the grazing lands. We conclude that herder knowledge of biodiversity is related to the use as opposed to exclusive conservation practices. This type of knowledge is extremely valuable to conservation agencies for establishing a baseline for monitoring changes in biodiversity in the future.     

上海郊区小型沼气发展的前景与方向

文章介绍了上海郊区沼气开发利用的发展历程和现状,分析了上海沼气发展萎缩的原因,指出上海在节能减排的大形势、寻找合理的农村生活垃圾处理出路和解决小型禽畜养殖场的环境问题等压力下,对郊区的沼气发展产生了新的需求。而以小型养殖场为中心、吸纳农村有机生活垃圾的小型沼气系统则是上海郊区未来沼气发展的方向,也是新农村环境整治的可行途径。     

化学品危险性鉴别分类研究的现状与展望

从对GHS(化学品分类及标记全球协调制度)化学品危险性鉴别分类的分析出发,归纳和总结了联合国、欧盟、美国以及中国的化学品危险性鉴别分类研究现状;提出化学品危险性鉴别分类是获取化学品安全信息、评估化学品的固有危险性的重要手段;给出化学品危险性鉴别分类试验必须满足OECD(经济合作与发展组织)的各项标准和准则;对化学品危险性鉴别分类的应用前景及未来工作进行评述和展望;指出为化学品安全管理、事故应急救援、事故调查及做好基础数据的积累是今后研究工作的努力方向;提出了借鉴GHS,REACH(化学品注册、评估、许可和限制)等先进化学品安全监管法规,对完善我国的化学品安全监管制度,化学品鉴别分类标准的重要现实意义。     

Fecal source tracking by antibiotic resistance analysis on a watershed exhibiting low resistance

The ongoing development of microbial source tracking has made it possible to identify contamination sources with varying accuracy, depending on the method used. The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency of the antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) method under low resistance by tracking the fecal sources at Turkey Creek, Oklahoma exhibiting this condition. The resistance patterns of 772 water-isolates, tested with nine antibiotics, were analyzed by discriminant analysis (DA) utilizing a five-source library containing 2250 isolates. The library passed various representativeness tests; however, two of the pulled-sample tests suggested insufficient sampling. The resubstitution test of the library individual sources showed significant isolate misclassification with an average rate of correct classification (ARCC) of 58%. These misclassifications were explained by low antibiotic resistance (Wilcoxon test P < 0.0001). Seasonal DA of stream E. coli isolates for the pooled sources human/livestock/deer indicated that in fall, the human source dominated (P < 0.0001) at a rate of 56%, and that human and livestock respective contributions in winter (35 and 39%), spring (43 and 40%), and summer (37 and 35%) were similar. Deer scored lower (17–28%) than human and livestock at every season. The DA was revised using results from a misclassification analysis to provide a perspective of the effect caused by low antibiotic resistance and a more realistic determination of the fecal source rates at Turkey Creek. The revision increased livestock rates by 13–14% (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06), and decreased human and deer by 6–7%. Negative misclassification into livestock was significant (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.06). Low antibiotic resistance showed the greatest effect in this category.