CDM在光伏产业中的应用研究

太阳能是国际社会公认的最理想的替代能源,中国太阳能资源丰富,由于欧美各国市场需求的增大,中国光伏产业取得了快速的发展。但目前中国光伏产业还处于起步阶段,仍面临着资金和技术等难题,而清洁发展机制(CDM)是一种基于市场的灵活履约机制,在中国光伏产业中引入清洁发展机制,不但有利于减少温室气体的排放,而且可大大缓解因资金和技术所带来的问题,并带来一系列环境和社会效益。其次,以锦州市一座10 MW光伏并网电站为例,计算了其年减排量,并对发电收益和CDM项目收益进行了比较及论证。     

A COMPARISON OF STREAMFLOW GENERATION MODELS FOR RESERVOIR CAPACITY-YIELD ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: An analysis of four streamflow generation schemes for the use in the estimation of the required conservation storage for a single reservoir is presented. The comparison of the generating schemes should aid in the selection of an appropriate model type for the reservoir sizing problem. The streamflow generation models are compared using two criteria. The first comparison is between the statistics of the generated streamflow sequences and the corresponding statistics from the historical record. The second evaluation compares the median reservoir size determined by each model with the required storage based on the historical flow sequence. The results of a comparative analysis for monthly streamflow data for the Rzav River in Yugoslavia are presented and discussed. The results indicate that both evaluation criteria are required to discriminate between the various options.     

On-line production of ferrate with an electrochemical method and its potential application for wastewater treatment – A review

A number of studies on the oxidation of various organic/inorganic contaminants by ferrate(VI) were reported in the 1980s and 1990s. The exploration of the use of ferrate(VI) for water and wastewater treatment has been well addressed recently. However, challenges have existed for the implementation of ferrate(VI) technology in practice due to the instability of a ferrate solution or high production cost of solid ferrate products. The research has been carried out aiming at the generation and application of ferrate(VI) in situ. This paper thus reviews ferrate chemistry and its overall performance as a water treatment chemical, discusses the factors affecting the ferrate yield efficiency using the electrochemical method, and finally, summarises the work on the production and use of ferrate in situ which is currently under study.     

Water Use by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States1

Abstract: Thermoelectric power generation is responsible for the largest annual volume of water withdrawals in the United States although it is only a distant third after irrigation and industrial sectors in consumptive use. The substantial water withdrawals by thermoelectric power plants can have significant impacts on local surface and ground water sources, especially in arid regions. However, there are few studies of the determinants of water use in thermoelectric generation. Analysis of thermoelectric water use data in existing steam thermoelectric power plants shows that there is wide variability in unitary thermoelectric water use (in cubic decimeters per 1 kWh) within and among different types of cooling systems. Multiple‐regression models of unit thermoelectric water use were developed to identify significant determinants of unit thermoelectric water use. The high variability of unit usage rates indicates that there is a significant potential for water conservation in existing thermoelectric power plants.     

A Spatial equilibrium perspective for planning the production of electrical energy

A spatial and temporal equilibrium model of production, consumption, prices, and transmission is constructed to determine the efficient pricing and allocation of electrical energy in the United States. Regional coordination is technically feasible and economically attractive. It also maximizes environmental efficiencies. The duplication of electrical generation and transmission facilities yields a misallocation of resources.The utilities put forth specific arguments against coordinated operations. Yet in a fully integrated power system, each region would be expected to maximize the benefits of time diversity by purchasing from outside the region in lieu of the expansion of regional capacity. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has not yet made a serious move to encourage regional coordination and planning, but the Commission has the authority to promote such operations if it chooses to do so.The author is an economist with the Department of Energy. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Energy or the views of other staff members.     

乐山市臭氧生成与前体物之间的关系及其敏感性和控制分析

为初步了解乐山市臭氧生成的主要特征和科学管控,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析一年来臭氧及其前体物之间的相关性,并采用OBM模式和VOCS/NOX比值法分别讨论臭氧生成的敏感性和控制性特征.结果 表明:乐山市氮氧化物与臭氧在夏秋两季呈现正相关,在春冬两季呈负相关;从臭氧的敏感性分析得出臭氧生成潜势PO3-NO:夏季＞...     

Deployment of parabolic trough concentrated solar power plants in North Africa – a case study for Libya

The study addresses the potential of using concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) as a sustainable alternative of clean energy generation in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, in its North Africa shore. This location presents attractive conditions for the installation of CSPs, in particular high solar irradiation, good manpower concentration, and proximity and availability of water resources for condenser cooling. Energetic, exergetic, and economic analyses were conducted taking into consideration a particular type of CSPs - the parabolic trough concentrated solar power plant, which incorporates the most proven technology and it is already used in Southern Europe (Spain). In addition, the study considered the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The combination of higher values for performance and potentially lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for the North Africa Mediterranean Rim than the South of Spain region can yield a very favorable return for the invested capital. Tripoli compared to Almeria presented superior performance and potentially lower LCE values ($0.18/kWh versus $0.22/kWh). This is significant, even when it is taken into consideration the fact that the plant in Tripoli, despite a relatively modest capacity factor of 34%, has a large gross power output of 173,886 MWhe. In addition, the implementation at the Tripoli location of a plant similar to the Anadsol plant has a slight advantage (2–3%) in terms of overall efficiency.     

沼气增温与控制系统的设计与仿真

冬季北方寒冷地区温度偏低,难以满足大中型沼气厌氧发酵系统对于温度的要求。为了解决该问题,针对天津地区某奶牛场沼气工程,设计了一套回收发电机余热并辅助电加热为发酵罐体供热的沼气增温控制系统,且实验确定最佳控制温度为35℃。在该系统中,罐体内部均匀布置竖直型循环加热管路,从而使料液温度分布更加均匀,热响应更加迅速,6 d左右即可将发酵罐内发酵料液提升到所需最佳温度;另外,采用罐内部温度及循环水流量的反馈调节,使料液的温度波动维持在±1℃范围内,解决了在冬季由于温度过低而导致沼气产气率偏低、甚至停滞的问题;同时,采用MATLAB软件对基于F-PID及传统PID的温度控制系统进行了仿真。对比结果表明,F-PID控制器较传统PID控制器超调量减小3℃,响应时间缩短60%,表明F-PID系统具有更高的效率、稳定性及实用价值。     

氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法测定气田废水中的痕量砷

采用氢化物发生－原子荧光光谱法测气田废水中的痕量砷。方法有取样量少，操作简单、灵敏度高、准确度高、重现性好等优点。砷的测定线性范围为1～200ng/mL，方法的检出限为0．0453ng/mL，相对标准偏差小于等于1．6％，加标回收率在96．0％～97．7％范围内。测定密码标样与气田废水中的痕量砷，获得了满意的结果。     

制冷压缩机生产废水处理工程改造实例

某制冷压缩机生产废水处理工程改造项目采用"物化除磷+生物降解+深度处理"组合工艺,处理后的出水达到《城市污水再生利用—城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920-2002)要求。实践证明,该改造工程具有处理工艺先进、技术参数合理、自动化程度高、系统运行稳定、抗冲击负荷能力强等特点。