金属矿山安全管理与信息化技术

信息化技术与传统产业的紧密结合,可实现传统产业快速发展.信息化技术对矿山安全也发挥了重要的作用.详细论述了金属非金属矿山的安全生产现状,矿山安全灾害种类和矿山安全信息化技术,指出信息化技术的应用是解决矿山安全问题的一个重要途径.     

兽药抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展

抗生素是环境中普遍存在的污染物,畜牧水产养殖是其主要来源之一.环境中可能同时存在多种抗生素残留,因此单一药物的毒性评价难以反映抗生素对生态环境的影响,应探究其混合物的毒性效应.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,介绍了兽用抗生素的残留现状,总结了兽用抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展,讨论了兽用抗生素残留对土壤生物和水生生物的...     

Metals in vineyard soils of the Penedès area (NE Spain) after compost application

The application of organic wastes to improve soil physical characteristics in mechanized vineyards planted after land levelling is becoming a common practice in Mediterranean areas. It may be useful as an additional source of organic matter and nutrients, but these wastes could also have negative effects due to their metal content. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of compost application on soil metal contents in mechanized vineyard soils of the Spanish Mediterranean area, where this practice is repeated every three years. The study was carried out in a ten-year-old vineyard where the main soil type is Typic Calcixerept. Composted cattle manure was applied in alternate rows, at a rate of 40 Mgha(-1) dry-weight. Nine sampling points were located along the slopes of two plots: a levelled plot prepared for mechanization with large soil disturbance movements within the plot, and a plot of undisturbed soil. At each location, soil samples were taken in both treated and untreated soils. Total concentrations (digestion with aqua regia) and the extractable DTPA (Diethylene-triaminepentacetic)-CaCl2-TEA (Triethanolamine) fractions of Cu, Zn and Mn were analyzed in each sample. For Cu and Zn, the initial concentration was higher in the undisturbed plot. In both cases, total Cu and total Zn were positively affected by manure input and the concentration in treated soils was significantly higher than in untreated soil. For Mn, the initial concentration was higher in disturbed soils than in undisturbed ones, and although in both scenarios the concentrations increased with manure, no significant differences were found between treated and untreated soils. The extractable fraction also increased in treated versus untreated soils, although for Cu and Mn the extractable/total metal ratio was similar in treated and untreated soils. After one compost application, total metal contents increased significantly, particularly for Zn. Most of those metals are accumulated in the soil, due to the soil characteristics.     

An efficient technology to treat heavy metal--lead--contaminated soil by microwave radiation

Microwave (MW) technology can be used to vitrify contaminated soil wastes and immobilize heavy metal ions in soils. More than 93% of the Pb(II)-contaminated soil was vitrified to a glass/ceramic formation after 30 min of MW radiation. In a 6-year study, the Pb(II) concentration of the vitrified soil in the leaching test was less than 1.0 mg/l, which is substantially below the USEPA regulatory limit of 5.0 mg/l.     

Integrated Risk Framework for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals, and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS. The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia.     

Effect of Cadmium on Microbial Activity and a Ryegrass Crop in Two Semiarid Soils

Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED, values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15 g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil.     

重金属离子存在下腐植酸和芘之间的相互作用

建立并验证了腐植酸(HA)和芘结合常数(Koc)测定的荧光猝灭法,进而研究了重金属离子对HA和芘相互作用的影响,测定了重金属离子存在下HA和芘之间的Koc.结果表明:纯化后的HA是分子质量较小的部分,水溶性较高,具有羟基、羧基和碳氧键等极性基团;HA利用其分子中的羟基、羧基、碳氧键等基团和重金属离子产生络合作用,这种络合作用影响了HA的结构;随着重金属离子浓度的增大,Koc遵循先增大,再减小,最后趋于不变的趋势.     

大宝山采矿活动对环境的重金属污染调查

调查了大宝山铁铜多金属矿床固体废弃物-水相互作用对环境的重金属污染,结果表明,矿床固体废弃物导致了水、土壤的重金属污染,污染元素主要有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等;重金属元素的水迁移强度由大至小顺序为Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、As、Pb、Hg;元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Zn、Hg、Ni、Cu、Cr、As、Pb,虽然水稻糙米中的重金属含量未超过国家标准,但Cd、Cr两种元素含量已远远超出了植物中毒量的下限值.     

河口近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化

对长江口崇明东滩近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化特征及其影响机制进行了研究.结果表明,受粒度影响,底层水体中颗粒态Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Al的总量分别高出表层沉积物的184%、99%、56%、62%、147%、50%和45%,其中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al可还原态部分在底层水体悬浮颗粒物中的含量也明显高出表层沉积物的2～3倍,但与重金属总量相比,上述元素的可还原态部分所占比例与表层沉积物相差不大.在5次潮汐循环过程中,颗粒态重金属均在涨潮初期、高平潮前后及落潮末期出现较高含量.这种变化主要与水动力条件有关,当水体流速增大时,从底部沉积物再悬浮起来的颗粒态重金属对水体中的永久性悬浮颗粒起了很大的稀释效应.水体中的盐度、DO及pH等环境因子对潮周期内颗粒态重金属的变化影响不大.     

土地利用/覆盖变化对长江上游非点源污染影响研究

在国内外相关研究的基础上,利用输出系数模型,结合RS和GIS技术,对长江上游的非点源污染负荷进行了空间模拟和负荷估算.模拟结果表明,在不考虑流域损失的前提下,由于土地利用造成的非点源污染负荷TN总量从20世纪70年代的123万t下降至2000年的116万t,基本呈逐年减少的趋势,由土地利用造成的TP的变化趋势与TN基本相同,从70年代的3.7万t下降到2000年的3.5万t左右.就省份、土地利用类型和水系而言,四川省、种植用地和草地以及金沙江水系和嘉陵江水系对长江上游的非点源污染贡献较大.在非点源污染负荷强度上,重庆市和嘉陵江水系单位面积负荷最高,是今后应重点治理的地区.结果表明,该模型可以对长江上游这样的超大尺度空间的非点源污染进行较好的空间模拟.