纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的毒性响应和敏感性分析

以纹缟虾虎鱼为受试生物,分别进行了Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮为环境因子的急性毒性实验和氨氮慢性暴露实验,结合文献数据分析纹缟虾虎鱼对3种污染物的敏感性。结果表明,Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对纹缟虾虎鱼的EC50分别为4.527、40.408和63.182mg·L~(-1)。组织切片结果显示,氨氮暴露能够引起纹缟虾虎鱼肝组织结构退化,组织细胞畸变,其损伤程度随着氨氮浓度的升高而加剧。氨氮暴露对肠管未见明显影响。敏感性分析结果表明,纹缟虾虎鱼对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮的累积概率分别为83.33%、96.27%和90.48%,均表现为不敏感。在Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和氨氮对海洋生物的敏感性排名中,纹缟虾虎鱼分别在第31/35、32/32和19/20位。在8~12种海洋鱼类中,纹缟虾虎鱼对上述3种污染物的敏感性都处在较低水平。     

重金属污染下龟壳攀鲈组织中ACP和AKP的活力比较

龟壳攀鲈是一种在极端污染水域中具备生存优势的鱼类,收集重污染区和轻污染区的龟壳攀鲈,并通过比较其体内各组织中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性来揭示其耐污能力。贵屿作为重污染区有4个采样点:大陇村、市上村、联堤村和北林村;潮州作为轻污染区有2个采样点:卧石村和洗马桥。水质结果表明,贵屿采样地水中的Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg含量分别是潮州采样点的27.6倍、3.9倍、5.8倍、3.9倍和3.5倍,说明贵屿采样地的污染远高于潮州的。酶活结果表明,在龟壳攀鲈所有组织中,内脏组织(胃肠、性腺、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏)中的ACP和AKP活力均高于外周组织(肌肉、鳞片、鳃);重金属污染均能提高攀鲈体内所有组织的ACP和AKP活力;AKP活性更容易受到重金属的影响,各组织的AKP活力增幅普遍超过ACP活力增幅;其中,受重金属影响最大的组织是脾脏,ACP和AKP活力可增长到2.37倍和6.21倍。这些结果说明了龟壳攀鲈可以通过显著升高内脏组织(如肠胃、肝脏、肾脏等)中ACP和AKP活性,以便更好地应对高污染环境;其中AKP更容易受到重金属的影响,适合用于作为评估污染的指标。     

Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.     

Effects of sepiolite on stabilization remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil and its ecological evaluation

Stabilization in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils has been gaining prominence because of its cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation. In this study, microbial properties such as microbial community and enzyme activities, chemical properties such as soil pH and metal fraction, and heavy metal accumulation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were considered in assessing stabilization remediation effectiveness using sepiolite. Results showed that soil pH values increased with rising sepiolite concentration. Sequential extraction results indicated that the addition of sepiolite converted significant amounts of exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb into residual form. Treatments of sepiolite were observed to reduce Cd and Pb translocation from the soil to the roots and shoots of spinach. Concentrations of Cd and Pb exhibited 12.6%–51.0% and 11.5%–46.0% reduction for the roots, respectively, and 0.9%–46.2% and 43.0%–65.8% reduction for the shoots, respectively, compared with the control group. Increase in fungi and actinomycete counts, as well as in catalase activities, indicated that soil metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatments.     

不同的增强试剂对重金属污染场地土壤的电动修复影响

选择重金属污染场地土壤为修复对象,研究了添加络合剂EDTA?有机酸乳酸和柠檬酸以及无机酸硝酸对电动修复该污染土壤的影响.结果表明,增强试剂的加入,显著促进了铜?铅?镍和六价铬在电场中的迁移和去除,电动过程促进了土壤重金属向有效态(醋酸铵提取)转化.其中,在阴极加入乳酸并控制pH3.5的处理,土壤中铜的去除率最高,达78.7%.在阴?阳极都加入EDTA的处理中,土壤中重金属的去除率在30%左右,重金属在靠近阴极的部分发生聚集.在阴极加入柠檬酸的处理中,土壤中铜?镍和六价铬的去除率均较高,分别为68.5%?53.3%和52.9%.阴极加入硝酸控制pH3.5对土壤中六价铬的去除率最高,达93.3%.     

我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属含量及其评价

以2007年5月~2008年10月我国典型海岛潮间带贝类体内重金属检测结果为基础,探讨了我国海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg)含量水平.结果表明,研究区各海岛潮间带贝类体内以Zn、Cu较高, Pb、Cd和Cr较低, Hg最低;与上世纪九十年代初的数据比较,变化不明显.根据《海洋生物质量》标准,评价了各海岛潮间带贝类体中重金属污染水平.分析表明各种重金属含量均有一定程度的超标, Zn超标较严重, Cu和Cd次之,其余较轻.原因可能与陆源污染物排放和贝类对不同金属的富集能力有关.     

黄河下游水体悬浮颗粒物中金属元素的地球化学行为

为调查黄河下游颗粒物的风化状况以及重金属变化规律及其污染程度,于2009年6~7月调水调沙期间(每日)及2010年4月至2011年11月(每月中旬)对垦利浮桥水体颗粒物进行采样调查.样品经消解后采用ICP-AES测定其中Al、Na、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、V的含量.采用化学风化指数(CIA)来衡量硅酸盐的化学风化程度,结果表明,黄河流域颗粒物化学风化程度为中等,近30年来颗粒物化学风化程度没有明显变化.黄河下游颗粒物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、V)浓度呈现出冬季高夏季低的变化规律,调水调沙期间重金属浓度降低后期略有回升,这一变化规律主要是受泥沙的稀释及颗粒物粒径等因素影响.重金属富集因子(EF)的计算表明,黄河下游Zn具有中等程度的污染,其他元素无明显污染.提取3个因子对黄河下游颗粒物的化学组成因素进行分析,颗粒物主要受风化的影响,同时也受径流量以及人类活动的影响.     

2014年京津冀地区PM2.5浓度时空分布及来源模拟

采用模式(CAMx)模拟与污染物、气象观测资料相结合的方式,分析了2014年京津冀地区PM2.5时空分布及来源特征.结果表明:PM2.5具有较为明显的时间变化规律,呈秋冬高、春夏低的规律和双峰型分布的日变化特征;重污染日PM2.5高浓度(PM2.5>150μg/m3)主要分布在太行山前的华北平原区,特别是北京、保定、石家庄一线,而太行山、燕山等西部及北部山区PM2.5浓度明显低于平原区;重污染日京津冀地区PM2.5平均浓度在150μg/m3以上的面积约占总面积的73%;重污染日北京、天津、石家庄市的PM2.5外来输送率分别为58%、54%、39%;2014年10月6~12日京津冀地区发生的一次重污染过程中污染物由南向北输送,区域输送对于各地区PM2.5浓度有着十分重要的影响.     

龙江河突发环境事件河流镉污染化学形态模拟

重金属污染突发水环境事件的应急处置和造成的环境损害与污染物的化学形态及其环境行为密切相关.以2012年初发生在我国广西的龙江河镉污染事件为例,采用Minteq软件尝试计算3种情景下河流水环境溶解态Cd的化学形态.结果表明,在天然背景条件下龙江河Cd浓度约为5mg/L时,水环境中Cd以Cd2+为主,并主要受DOC含量的影响.镉污染事件发生后若无应急处置措施,天然水体对Cd的络合缓冲能力极其有限,以Cd2+形式存在的Cd占75%以上,呈现严重的急性生态毒性.投加聚合氯化铝和碱性物质可以有效控制河流溶解态Cd含量,当pH值超过9.0时,以Cd2+存在的Cd迅速降低.Cd2+含量对河流pH值的参数敏感性最高,DOC其次,水温影响最小.事件处置结束后应密切关注絮凝体中Cd的再释放规律以及水体pH值及DOC对Cd形态的影响.     

巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,对重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法和风险评价编码两种方法对巢湖表层沉积物重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的重金属含量表现为西部湖区高,东部湖区低的特征,其中南淝河入湖区重金属含量是全湖的1.09~1.21倍.BCR形态分析表明,巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni和Cu以残渣态为主(分别占总量82.99%、63.63%和54.25%),Cd和Zn以弱酸提取态为主(分别占总量55.96%和35.84%),Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主(分别占总量39.66%和24.56%).潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,南淝河入湖河口区域具有较大生态风险(RI值范围为351.54~381.17).风险评价编码方法(RAC) 的结果显示,Cd处于极高风险水平,Zn基本处于高风险水平,Cu 和Ni处于中低风险,Pb处于低风险水平,Cr各采样点均处于无风险.因此, 对需着重考虑对南淝河入湖湖区的Cd和Zn元素的重点治理.