SiO2气凝胶砂浆性能的优化研究

目的研究Si O_2气凝胶颗粒体积替换比在30%前提下砂浆性能的优化,提高其保温性能和环境适应性。方法采用正交实验的方法,通过向砂浆中添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉来改善砂浆的保温性能,并对比研究各掺杂比例对砂浆密度、力学性能、吸水率,尤其是对砂浆导热系数的影响。结果当纤维、引气剂和胶粉的掺量(质量分数)分别为0.2%,0.05%和1%时,导热系数达到最低,λ=0.3177 W/(m·K),此时,砂浆的密度为1751.6 kg/m3,抗压强度和抗折强度分别为13.4 MPa和8.02MPa,吸水率为7.19%,导热系数为0.3177 W/(m·K)。结论通过添加纤维、引气剂和胶粉,砂浆的性能得到一定程度的改善,其密度在较小的范围内变化,抗折强度提高较大,导热系数在一定范围内降低。     

页岩气开发中压裂返排液的水质污染特征研究

页岩气压裂返排液成分复杂,为了解页岩气开采过程中压裂返排液的污染情况,对四川某页岩气典型井场不同时期的压裂返排液污染物组成进行了分析,采用超滤膜法测定溶解性有机物(DOM)相对分子质量分布特性,通过建立水质矩阵开展污染特性评价,并进行了综合生态毒性研究。结果表明,该区域不同时期压裂返排液中污染物特征相似,主要污染因子为总有机碳(TOC)和氯离子,并且生物毒性高、可生化性差。研究结果可为该区域压裂返排液处理技术的选择提供参考。     

纳米材料对环境中微生物活性的影响研究

研究纳米材料对环境中微生物细胞活性的影响可为纳米材料的生物安全性评价提供一定的理论基础.以大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为受试生物,采用电导率仪测定细菌培养液电导率变化,分别研究了纳米TiO2、纳米ZnO、纳米Fe3O4、纳米SiO2、纳米二氧化钛载银、纳米磷酸锆载银、纳米棕色银对细菌细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明,纳米材料对革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌细胞活性影响更大;同种纳米材料,粒径越小,对细菌的细胞活性影响越强;对细菌细胞活性影响最大的是纳米棕色银,对细菌细胞活性影响最小的是纳米SiO2和Fe3O4.     

美人蕉根系对不同基质结构水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

为了研究植物根系对不同基质结构潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响,根据填料渗透系数,分别设置单层及多层基质结构潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以美人蕉作为湿地植物,在植物栽种前与成熟后对两系统分别开展示踪试验研究.实验结果表明,美人蕉根系对于单层结构人工湿地水力特性有较明显的改善作用,有效体积从0.49提高到了0.53,短路值由0.60降低到0.41,水力效率提高最大由43%提高到59%.比较而言,植物根系对多层结构湿地有效体积和短路值有轻微负面影响,而对水力效率则有明显的改善作用(由64%提高到83%).此外,植物成熟后,两人工湿地系统中示踪剂回收率均有所下降,其中,单层结构湿地降低较显著,回收率由72%降到62%.可见,植物根系对系统水力特性有较大影响,应在人工湿地设计过程中给予考虑.     

渭河陕西段潜流带沉积物重金属变化初步分析

为厘清潜流带沉积物重金属时空变化及与水量交换、沉积物颗粒结构间的关系,于2013年春夏两季对渭河陕西段5个研究断面66个测试点位沉积物的野外原位渗透系数、颗粒粒径、重金属含量进行分析.结果表明:影响渭河沉积物渗透系数的主要因素是沉积物粒径,同时沉积物垂向分层、排列组合也影响其渗透性能;沉积物重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数在垂向上不同深度其含量大小不同,在时间上总体呈现春季夏季,富集系数(EF指数)分析结果显示春季Cu、Zn(除华县)、Pb(除眉县)、Cd富集严重且主要受人为输入源影响,夏季除Cd元素外,Cu、Zn、Pb的EF值均1.5,说明其含量主要来源于地壳和岩石圈的自然风化过程;Pearson相关分析发现粘土与粉砂(粒径0.075 mm)百分比与沉积物重金属质量分数呈弱相关,重金属粒径效应不显著,粒径不是控制重金属含量的主要环境影子;对单一重金属垂向不同深度含量进行相关性研究发现除Cd外,其余3种重金属在垂向上的相关系数均0.5(p0.01),说明单一重金属在垂向上具有同源性且存在相互迁移与转化.     

水力停留时间对活性污泥系统的硝化性能及其生物结构的影响

利用微生物呼吸醌指纹谱图结合传统分析方法研究了水力停留时间(HRT从30 h逐步缩短至5 h)对活性污泥硝化性能及种群结构的影响.结果表明,对于NH₄⁺-N浓度为500 mg·L^-1的废水,在HRT≥20 h时,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.若继续缩短HRT,污泥流失严重,尽管进水NH₄⁺-N浓度降低,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂     

重碳酸型地下水矿化度测定方法的探讨——以洛阳市浅层地下水为例

矿化度是地下水化学成份测定的重要指标，在环境监测中，用重量法测定矿化度是目前普遍采用的方法。其缺点主要为费时，繁琐，耗电。本文通过测定洛阳市地下水的电导率，分析对比电导率与矿化度的关联，并进一步用回归方程确定电导率与矿化度之间的数量关系，探索出用电导率法间接测定地下水矿化度，具有快速，经济，准确的优点。     

MODIFIED WATER QUANTITY RECEIVING MODEL FOR FLORIDA CONSERVATION AREAS1

ABSTRACT: The Conservation Areas in South Florida have been considered as one of the major water storage areas to provide a water supply for the Everglades National Park and Lower East Coast (LEC). Due to the increasing water demands of the area, additional backpumping of the surplus runoff from the LEC area into the Conservation Areas has been considered as one of several alternative plans. The Receiving Water Quantity (EPA, 1971) model has been adapted and modified to be applicable in the Conservation Areas to investigate the possible impact of additional inflow under various backpumping cases. The modification of the model included Manning's roughness coefficient, depth of flow, width of hypothetical channels through marsh areas, rainfall input, seepage rate, etc. The use of the Monte Carlo technique for area computations was found to be easy and time saving both in area and weighting rainfall input to each node. Comparison of results generated by this modified model with the recorded values in Conservation Areas 1 and 2A indicated that the model not only can be a very good evaluation tool to simulate the hydraulic regime of the Conservation Areas system but also a proper tool for investigating the impact of additional inflow resulting from the backpumping related to the water use planning and management.     

INTERACTIVE COMPUTER-AIDED HYDRAULIC DESIGN: CULVERTS1

ABSTRACT: Regular use of interactive computer programs in hydraulic design can materially increase the productivity of designers without sacrificing accuracy. This article considers the hydraulic design of culverts by interactive use of a computer program; this approach most profitably combines the speed and accuracy of the computer with the experience of the designer.     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRESH-SALT WATER INTERFACES USING FINITE ELEMENT AND SIMPLE APPROACHES

ABSTRACT: The fresh-salt water interface in artesian aquifers has been investigated by various techniques on the basis of its analogy to the free surface in earth dams or cores of dams. Although various approximations are used, some more or less exact solutions exist. One of the simple methods, that would appeal to practical workers, was developed by the analysis of hydraulic forces. However, this method has not been checked thoroughly due to the lack of wide ranges of coverage by the more or less exact solutions. In this paper a suggested finite element method is used for the purpose of comparing with the method of hydraulic forces. The presented procedure eliminates some of the difficulties and uncertainties in current finite element procedures. Both methods proved to be in close agreement. Moreover, the hydraulic heads along the upper boundary of the artesian aquifer were found to be in close agreement with Dupuit's equation. The results of this investigation would greatly simplify the more complex management problems when the effects of discharge and/or recharge wells are added to the natural flow effects.