AC-GO空气阴极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

考察了氧化石墨烯（GO）修饰活性炭（AC）空气阴极（AC-GO阴极）对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能以及有机物去除率的影响。实验结果表明,向AC阴极中掺杂一定量的GO可以降低阴极的内阻,提高阴极电化学反应速率。其中,GO掺杂量为0.5 mg·cm-2的AC-GO0.05阴极性能最好,该AC-GO0.05阴极MFC体系的最大功率密度（Pmax）为767 mW·m-2,是空白AC阴极体系Pmax（459 mW·m-2）的1.7倍,化学需氧量（COD）去除率和库伦效率（CE）均明显高于空白AC阴极体系。     

Using Demographic Invariants to Detect Overharvested Bird Populations from Incomplete Data

Abstract:  Conservation biology must be able to provide guidelines even when available data are incomplete, because data on rare and endangered species are usually limited. For instance, data on the effect of additional—human-induced—sources of mortality on vertebrate populations, such as bycatch of seabirds by longline fisheries, are typically incomplete. The importance of an additional source of mortality can be evaluated by comparing it with the maximum annual growth rate of the species of concern, and various authors have attempted to determine the maximum growth rate from incomplete data. We developed a procedure we call the "demographic invariant method" (DIM). First we determined that the maximum growth rate per generation does not vary, by recalling that it is a dimensionless number primarily independent of body weight and also by empirically establishing its near constancy over a restricted set of bird species for which reliable demographic information was available. This first step provided an implicit function linking generation time and maximum annual growth rate, from which we obtained the maximum annual growth rate as a simple function of generation time. From several different ways of obtaining estimates of generation time, we derived in turn several ways to estimate the maximum annual growth rate of a bird species from incomplete demographic data set. We applied our approach to the Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) and determined from incomplete data that longline fishery bycatch has a biologically significant impact on the growth potential of Black-footed Albatross populations. Our method can be applied broadly to the conservation and management of harvested bird populations.     

家具涂装行业VOCs污染特征分析

研究选取典型家具涂装行业为采样点,对底漆涂装车间、面漆涂装车间、干燥车间和车间有组织排放的VOCs样品进行采集,分析VOCs的污染特征、臭氧生成潜势和恶臭指数。结果表明:底漆和面漆涂装车间的总VOCs浓度分别为3 051.0,2 098.0μg/m~3,车间有组织排放产生的VOCs浓度较低。各生产工艺环节VOCs均以苯系物为主(78.6%~92.4%),车间有组织排放由于活性炭对苯系物的吸附作用,烷烃和烯烃质量分数较其他工艺环节高。底漆、面漆和干燥车间VOCs的臭氧生成潜势较高(7 903.34~18 535.8μg/m~3),敏感性物种均为1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻-二甲苯等苯系物。苯系物的恶臭指数较大,底漆、面漆和干燥车间的恶臭指数高达25.809、12.525和9.076,对二乙基苯、正丙苯、对乙基甲苯的恶臭指数相对较高,存在一定程度的恶臭污染。     

Bridging gaps in demographic analysis with phylogenetic imputation

Phylogenetically informed imputation methods have rarely been applied to estimate missing values in demographic data but may be a powerful tool for reconstructing vital rates of survival, maturation, and fecundity for species of conservation concern. Imputed vital rates could be used to parameterize demographic models to explore how populations respond when vital rates are perturbed. We used standardized vital rate estimates for 50 bird species to assess the use of phylogenetic imputation to fill gaps in demographic data. We calculated imputation accuracy for vital rates of focal species excluded from the data set either singly or in combination and with and without phylogeny, body mass, and life-history trait data. We used imputed vital rates to calculate demographic metrics, including generation time, to validate the use of imputation in demographic analyses. Covariance among vital rates and other trait data provided a strong basis to guide imputation of missing vital rates in birds, even in the absence of phylogenetic information. Mean NRMSE for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 except when no vital rates were available or for vital rates with high phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ > 0.8). In these cases, including body mass and life-history trait data compensated for lack of phylogenetic information: mean normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for null and phylogenetic models differed by <0.01 for adult survival and <0.04 for maturation rate. Estimates of demographic metrics were sensitive to the accuracy of imputed vital rates. For example, mean error in generation time doubled in response to inaccurate estimates of maturation time. Accurate demographic data and metrics, such as generation time, are needed to inform conservation planning processes, for example through International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessments and population viability analysis. Imputed vital rates could be useful in this context but, as for any estimated model parameters, awareness of the sensitivities of demographic model outputs to the imputed vital rates is essential.     

'All hazards approach' to disaster management: the role of information and knowledge management, Boyd's OODA Loop, and network-centricity

The ever-increasing complexity of disasters demands utilisation of knowledge that exists outside domains traditionally drawn upon in disaster management. To be operationally useful, such knowledge must he extracted, combined with information generated by the disaster itself, and transformed into actionable knowledge. The process, though, is hampered by existing, business-oriented approaches to knowledge management, by technical issues related to access to relevant, multi-domain information/knowledge, and by executive decision-making processes based predominantly on historical knowledge. Consequently, as shown by many recent incidents, the management of large-scale (mega) disasters is often inefficient and exceedingly costly. This paper demonstrates that the integration of modified information and knowledge management into the concepts of network-centric operations and network-enabled capabilities, and the employment of Boyd's OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) Loop-based decision-making in unpredictable and dynamically changing environments, may address some of these problems.     

城市供水管网抗震可靠性分析与设计优化

考虑管线震害发生的随机性,利用管线在地震作用下反应的二阶矩特征信息,采用带渗漏管网抗震可靠性分析的一次二阶矩方法,以华中地区某市主干供水管网为例,进行了基本烈度条件下的可靠度分析,结果表明,在低、中烈度条件下,供水管网中各节点均处于可靠状态;在高烈度条件下,节点主要处于可靠状态,局部处于严重不可靠、甚至出现断水状态。进一步地,基于微粒群优化算法,以管网年费用折算值为优化目标、管网拓扑结构与管径为优化参数、管网节点可靠度为约束条件,建立了新的供水管网抗震设计优化模型,并将供水管网所在区域的道路信息引入管网优化设计中,提出了管网拓扑的自动生成策略,从而形成了城市供水管网系统智能化抗震设计方法。数值算例表明,基于可靠度的抗震优化设计方法为风险-投资之间的合理均衡提供了理论基础,决策者可以据此选择所期望的最佳方案。     

流动人口居留意愿的梯度变动与影响机制

随着城乡利益格局的变化,新生代流动人口的居留意愿呈现出新的特征,其变动与城市类型密切相关。利用调查数据进行分析,发现新生代流动人口的居留意愿表现出随流入地的城市类型而梯度变动的特征,即呈现出在大城市的居留意愿强,中小城市的流动性强和特大城市的返乡意愿强的特征,大城市是新生代流动人口实现留城理想与个人发展最佳的平台。但是总的来说,新生代流动人口的流动行为与第一代流动人口同中存异,没有出现根本性的改变。利用多层模型,对新生代流动人口居留意愿的影响机制进行了实证分析,发现城市类型、经济收入、社会融入与身份认同、家庭迁居、户籍可获得性是影响居留意愿的重要因素。此外,户籍可获得性与新生代流动人口身份认同交互作用显著的影响了新生代流动人口的居留意愿,并进一步增强了居留意愿在不同城市类型的差异。这体现出户籍制度对流动者的影响逐步由早期的福利隔绝向心理隔绝转变。对不同城市类型新生代流动人口居留意愿的差异进行量化分析发现,特大城市和大城市流动者的居留意愿呈现刚性,而超大城市和中小城市流动者居留意愿具有弹性。根据上述分析提出政策建议:将大城市作为吸纳流动人口的主导区域构建城市发展规划策略,发挥特大城市和大城市的集聚效应,促进区域的产业发展;在城市社区建设和城市文明建设方面,为流动人口与城市居民的相互融合提供政策支持;依托政府、社会组织与学校,提升新生代流动人口的人力资本。     

流动注射-氢化物发生-原子吸收法测定土壤中微量砷

用混酸消解土壤试样，用体积分数为20％的盐酸作酸介质，质量分数为1．5％的硼氢化钾作还原剂，体积分数为1％的盐酸作载液，采用流动注射-氢化物发生三-原子吸收法定量测定土壤中的微劈砷。通过实验确定，在原子化温度为920℃、土壤中共存元素含量低于5mg／kg时对测定无干扰。该方法的榆出限为0．5μg/L，线性范嘲为5～100μg/L．相对标准偏差为0．89％，平均回收率达98．99％：     

低热值垃圾焚烧发电运行中有关参数的监测与控制

研究适合我国国情的城市生活垃圾焚烧发电工艺,着重介绍低热值垃圾发电机组在运行过程中各主要设备的调节参数及燃烧,给水,蒸汽系统的监测与控制方法。     

核桃壳生物炭电极在微生物燃料电池中的产电性能及其对污染物的去除性能

微生物燃料电池(MFC)的电极材料是决定MFC性能的关键。本研究利用核桃壳生物炭制成MFC电极材料,对核桃壳生物炭基电极的制备条件、MFC的产电性能进行了探讨,利用比表面积分析、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱及电极电化学等方法对生物炭电极进行表征。结果表明: 最佳电极制备条件为活化时生物炭:氯化锌质量比5:3,真空煅烧温度600 ℃,生物炭:聚苯胺:热熔胶质量比5:1:4,在进水COD平均值为685 mg·L⁻¹、氨氮平均值为38 mg·L⁻¹、外电阻为1 000 Ω条件下,MFC的稳定输出电压为0.136 V,最大功率密度达到51 mW·m⁻³,内阻为762 Ω,运行7 d后,COD和氨氮的去除率分别可达到85%和88%,以上研究结果为制备有前景的MFC的电极材料提供了参考。