海洋平台井喷含硫天然气扩散危险区域研究

针对海洋酸性气田开采过程中含硫天然气井喷失控扩散问题,采用CFD方法建立井喷含硫天然气扩散后果预测与评估模型。综合考虑天然气爆燃与硫化氢毒害风险因素,对不同场景条件下的含硫天然气扩散过程开展数值模拟,研究硫化氢浓度、风向、风速等因素对含硫天然气扩散行为的影响,预测和评估天然气扩散所形成的危险区域和硫化氢气体扩散所形成的毒害范围。研究表明:随着硫化氢浓度的增加,燃爆区域无明显变化,而毒害区域明显增加;船艉来风导致的事故后果最为严重,左、右舷来风有利于危险气体的扩散与消散;风速越大,燃爆区域和毒害区域范围越小,但是在船艏来风且风速较大的工况下,硫化氢气体竖直扩散距离降低且逐渐贴近生活区,容易造成作业人员中毒事故的发生。     

生物炭吸附硫化氢机制与影响因素研究进展

硫化氢（H₂S）是现代社会工业生产过程中最常见的气体污染物之一,具有高毒性、腐蚀性和污染性,若处理不当会对自然环境与人类健康造成危害.生物炭因具备良好的吸附特性以及低成本和制备来源广等优点,在环境污染治理领域有着广泛的应用前景.目前生物炭吸附硫化氢技术在国内外受到越来越多的关注,但影响生物炭吸附硫化氢的因素复杂多样,需要对相关知识和研究进展进行系统地总结和归纳.从生物炭特性、吸附影响因素（生物质原料、热解温度、热解停留时间、粒径）、调控手段（包括湿度、吸附温度、吸附操作条件、改性活化）以及吸附硫化氢机制,对国内外生物炭吸附硫化氢的研究进展进行综述,通过选择合适的生物炭原材料、制备条件和优化生物炭吸附条件,从而为实现生物炭对硫化氢的高效去除提供更多的参考信息.     

应用呼吸-滴定测量监测硝化动态过程

将pH值在线监测与药品自动投加系统与已开发的混合呼吸测量仪集成,组成自动呼吸-滴定测量仪,同时测定废水生物处理过程氧气利用速率(OUR)和质子变化速率(HVR).对活性污泥硝化过程定时测定NH4+-N浓度,比较其与基于HVR或OUR预测的NH4+-N浓度间的一致程度,评估自动滴定测量装置测试硝化过程动态的性能.结果表明,在初始NH4+-N浓度分别为20,25mg/L的间歇试验中,实测值数组与基于OUR的预测值数组间的相关系数分别为0.9967和0.9972,与基于HVR的预测值数组间的相关系数分别为0.9991和0.9992,表明OUR和HVR均能及时准确地反映硝化过程的动态特性.     

缓冲体系对厌氧发酵生物产氢的影响

为了研究碳酸盐和磷酸盐缓冲对于厌氧发酵从葡萄糖中制取H2的影响,将经过热处理的初级消化污泥接种到不同浓度碳酸盐和磷酸盐基质中进行厌氧发酵产氢实验.实验结果表明,碳酸盐和磷酸盐的缓冲对于厌氧发酵制氢有较大影响.当NaHCO3,浓度为4 g·L-1时,每1 mol葡萄糖的产氢量达到最大,最大值为1.68 mol,这比不加NaHCO3时的产氢量提高了282%.磷酸盐的浓度对于厌氧发酵产氢也有较大影响.在NaHCO3浓度为4 g·L-1,NaH2PO4·2H2O和K2HPO4·3H2O浓度均为500 mg·L-1时,葡萄糖的产氢率可达到1.94 mol·mo1-1,这比不加入磷酸盐时提高了56%.实验中产氢一般从接种后12 h开始,历时10 h左右结束,最大产氢速率可达到0.44 mol·h-1·mol-1·     

Profiling of microbial communities in a bioreactor for treating hydrocarbon-sulfide-containing wastewater

A technology of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)was used to profile the structure and dynamic changes of microbial communities in a bioreactor for treating hydrocarbon-sulfide-containing(HSC)wastewater.The results showed that the heterotrophic genus of Acinetobacter and the autotrophic genera of Thiobacillus and Thiomonas could survive well in all of three operating conditions.Some special genera were also observed with changes of micro-ecoenvironment in the rea...     

生物质催化气化制氢技术研究

在人类面临严重的能源危机与环境污染的背景下,世界各国都在致力于对洁净能源氢的开发和研究,并取得了一定的研究成果。生物质气化制氢是一项富有前景的制氢技术,已引起了世界各国研究者的普遍关注。文章首先介绍了生物质气化制氢技术的国内外研究及应用现状,然后介绍了一种一体式生物质气化炉水蒸汽催化气化制氢的工艺流程,氢气体积的含量可达到50%以上。最后总结了这种工艺在各种制氢方法中,具有技术成熟、工艺简单,效率高等优点,有广阔的应用前景。     

硫酸盐废水生物脱硫研究进展

含硫酸盐废水的污染是一个全球性的问题。生物脱硫技术处理该类废水具有投资少、成本低、去除率高,无二次污染等优点,而成为废水处理技术的前沿课题。文章简要介绍了生物脱硫技术的基本原理;描述了废水脱硫微生物种类及其影响因素;重点阐述了国内外硫酸盐废水生物脱硫工艺的沿革和最新进展,并在此基础上,提出了酸酸盐废水生物脱硫技术的发展前景。     

BI废水制取己二酸过程中分解反应催化剂的研究

以环己烷空气氧化装置产生的酸性洗涤废水(BI有机废水)为原料,通过分析不同条件下分解氧化产物组成,考察了分解反应催化剂种类、用量及分解反应时间对产物二元酸的分布及己二酸表观收率的影响。试验结果表明,在钴盐存在下使BI有机废水浓缩液回流反应120min以上,再经硝酸氧化可使由BI有机废水制取己二酸的表观收率达到BI有机废水总质量的10%～12%。     

漂白粉用于治理石化企业硫化氢恶臭气体的研究

实验采用填料吸收塔对漂白粉用于石化企业硫化氢恶臭的治理进行了初步研究,系统研究了漂白粉投加量、硫化氢浓度、进气流量、吸收氧化温度、液气比等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：室温下,漂白粉投加量为0．2g／100mL,液气比20L／m^3,进气浓度控制在7800mg／m^3以内,调整适宜的进气量,对硫化氢恶臭的去除率可以达到99％以上。漂白粉吸收氧化硫化氢恶臭气体不仅技术可行,而且费用低廉,操作方便,可以进行深入的研究,进行工业化放大。     

Fuel efficiency enhancement of modified diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode using renewable and sustainable fuels

ABSTRACT

Renewable and sustainable fuels for diesel engine applications provide energy protection, overseas exchange saving and address atmospheric and socio-economic concerns. This study presents the investigational work carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel (DF) mode using renewable and sustainable fuels. In the first phase, a Y-shaped mixing chamber or venture was developed with varied angle facility for gas entry at 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively, to enable homogeneous air and gas mixing. Further effect of different gas and air mixture entry on the DF engine performance was studied. In the next phase of the work, hydrogen flow rate influence on the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine operated in DF mode using diesel, neem oil methyl ester (NeOME) and producer gas has been investigated. During experimentation, hydrogen was mixed in different proportions varied from 3 to 12 l/min (lpm) in step of 3 lpm along with air-producer gas and the mixtures were directly inducted into engine cylinder during suction stroke. Experimental investigation showed that 45° Y-shaped mixing chamber resulted in improved performance with acceptable emission levels. Further, it is observed that investigation showed that at maximum operating conditions and hydrogen flow rate of 9 lpm, Diesel–producer gas and NeOME–producer gas combination showed increased thermal efficiency by 13.2% and 3.8%, respectively, compared to the DF operation without hydrogen addition. Further, it is noticed that hydrogen-enriched producer gas lowers the power derating by 5–10% and increases nitric oxide (NO_x) emissions. However, increased hydrogen addition beyond the 12 lpm leads to sever knocking.

Abbreviations: NeOME: Neem oil methyl ester; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CI: compression ignition; ITE: indicated thermal efficiency; PG: producer gas; CA: crank angle; K: Kelvin; BP: brake power; IP: indicated power; H₂: hydrogen; HC: unburnt hydrocarbon; CO: carbon dioxide; CO₂: carbon dioxide; NO_x: nitric oxide; HRR: heat release rate; %: percentage; PPM: parts per million; CMFIS: conventional mechanical fuel injection system.