1株异养反硝化硫细菌的分离鉴定及代谢特性

工业废水中的有机物、硫化物和含氮化合物是废水处理面临的重大挑战.利用生物技术,可以实现在废水处理系统中同时去除这3种污染物.在污水处理反应器中,分离出1株异养反硝化硫细菌HDD1.基于16S rRNA基因的系统进化分析和生理特征显示菌株HDD1为Thauera属的一个种.菌株HDD1能够利用乙酸盐和硫化物作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体进行呼吸作用.在15h之内,CH3COO-(300 mg·L~(-1))、S2-(200 mg·L~(-1))和NO-3(487 mg·L~(-1))被完全代谢去除.扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱结果显示硫化物氧化的主要产物为单质硫.菌株HDD1能够同时应用于工业废水处理和硫元素的资源化回收.     

双氧水与硫酸铝联用改善污泥脱水性能的试验研究

基于化学溶胞和絮凝剂单独调理污泥,均能在一定程度上改善污泥脱水性能。通过联用双氧水和硫酸铝对污水厂剩余污泥进行调理,分析两者联用对污泥脱水性能的改善效果,探求最佳的试验条件。将污泥脱水滤液回用至原泥(含水率80%),探求滤液回用在两种药剂联用下对脱水性能的改善效果。试验结果表明:在双氧水和硫酸铝联合调理下,污泥的脱水性能有明显改善;两者联用的最佳条件如下:初始污泥pH=3,投加2 mL/L(AR H_2O_2体积/湿污泥体积)的双氧水,调理60 min,再投加0.2 g/g的硫酸铝。     

炼油碱渣预处理工程实践

炼油碱渣因其高浓度污染会对污水处理系统造成冲击.某炼油厂实行"清污分流、污污分治"的污水治理政策,对碱渣进行预处理以消减负荷.针对碱渣主要含可生化降解物质,采用两级生物催化作为主要预处理手段.工程实践表明,控制进水pH值为5-6和反应器DO > 2 mg /L,处理出水的COD、硫化物和挥发酚平均质量浓度分别为5347...     

高含硫化氢原油除硫技术研究与应用

针对新疆油田分公司采油一厂车89井区高含硫的问题,分别对硫化氢成因、转化机理及除硫方式进行研究,开展了化学除硫工艺技术、负压闪蒸除硫工艺技术以及催化曝气除硫工艺技术现场试验。试验结果表明:采用负压闪蒸除硫工艺、催化曝气除硫工艺及化学除硫工艺(HCS-4除硫剂加药浓度约1×104 mg/L、作用80s)处理后,可将车89井区原油中硫化氢浓度降至安全阈限值15mg/m3以下。     

室内氢气泄漏扩散的数值模拟

氢能是有发展前景的新型能源之一,氢气的安全储存是氢能应用必须解决的问题。本文建立了基于大容量金属储氢装置的室内氢气泄漏扩散模型,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对室内储氢罐的泄漏扩散过程进行数值模拟,得到了氢气泄漏扩散的速度分布、浓度分布。分析数值模拟结果,得出在该模拟条件下,氢气泄漏时的流动状态为射流湍流;泄漏后上浮扩散,空间密闭时积累于室顶;通风条件下大部分区域的氢气浓度仍然高于安全限值。通过数值模拟,总结出氢气在室内环境下的泄漏扩散规律,可为氢气泄漏事故的处理消防安全设置提供依据。     

Coulometric determination of dissolved hydrogen with a multielectrolytic modified carbon felt electrode-based sensor

A multielectrolytic modified carbon electrode (MEMCE) was fabricated by the electrolytic-oxidation/reduction processes. First, the functional groups containing nitrogen atoms such as amino group were introduced by the electrode oxidation of carbon felt electrode in an ammonium carbamate aqueous solution, and next, this electrode was electroreduced in sulfuric acid. The redox waves between hydrogen ion and hydrogen molecule at highly positive potential range appeared in the cyclic voltammogram obtained by MEMCE. A coulometric cell using MEMCE with a catalytic activity of electrooxidation of hydrogen molecule was constructed and was used for the measurement of dissolved hydrogen. The typical current vs. time curve was obtained by the repetitive measurement of the dissolved hydrogen. These curves indicated that the measurement of dissolved hydrogen was finished completely in a very short time (ca. 10 sec). A linear relationship was obtained between the electrical charge needed for the electrooxidation process of hydrogen molecule and dissolved hydrogen concentration. This indicates that the developed coulometric method can be used for the determination of the dissolved hydrogen concentration.     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

锡林河上游雨季降水、河水和地下水转化关系

为深入理解草原内陆河流域的水文循环过程及不同水体转化机制,以锡林河流域大气降水、河水和地下水为研究对象,对其氢氧稳定同位素进行了测试及多尺度时空特征分析,探究流域不同水体间的定量转化关系.结果表明：①锡林河流域具有明显的内陆性半干旱气候特征,大气降水是流域河水和地下水的主要补给源,地下水和河水同时经历了不同程度的非平衡蒸发;②河水同位素组成在季节上表现出春秋贫化、夏季富集的特征,在空间上表现为自上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势;浅层和深层地下水δ¹⁸O在生长季的波动变化基本一致,二者的主要差异发生在生长季末期,即前者趋于稳定而后者呈上升趋势,反映出深层地下水对大气降水和地表水入渗补给具有滞后响应,在空间上二者均由东南向西北逐渐贫化;③基于端元混合模型的估算结果可知,夏季大气降水和浅层地下水对河水的平均补给比例分别为52.69%和47.31%,说明对于内陆河流域,即使在多雨季节,浅层地下水也是河水的重要补给来源,研究旨在为半干旱典型草原内陆河流域的水资源调控和生态环境保护提供理论指导.     

高寒干旱区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转换关系：以大通河流域为例

全球气候变暖和区域极端气候会导致高寒干旱山区平原降雨失衡、冰川融化和冻土退化,进而改变区域水文循环.其中,地表水与地下水转化关系是高寒干旱区水文循环气候响应的重要科学问题之一.以祁连山南麓大通河流域为研究区,基于119组基本水化学参数和38组氘氧同位素数据,利用多元统计分析和同位素技术,研究了流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征及其相互转化过程.结果表明,流域地表水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型水为主,受控于岩石风化作用;地下水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型和Cl·SO₄-Na型水为主,受岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩共同控制.上游地下水存在少量钙、镁长石的溶解,中游地下水化学组分主要为碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,下游地下水中各离子组分蒸发富集使地下水溶解性总固体升高.风化溶滤、人为活动、原生沉积环境、阳离子交替吸附及其他因素对研究区地表水和地下水化学组分的贡献率依次为39.1%、 15.0%、 12.6%、 13.8%和19.5%.δD和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果表明,沿地下水流向大通河河水氘氧同位素含量呈富集到贫化的变化趋势,大通河...     

Sulfobacillus benefaciens强化中度嗜热菌群浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿过程机制

针对铅锌硫化矿尾矿生物浸出周期长和效率低的问题,本研究采用Leptospirillum ferriphilum（L. ferriphilum）和Acidithiobacillus caldus（A. caldus）等比例混合构建了中度嗜热菌群,浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿.引入一株兼性自养铁/硫氧化微生物Sulfobacillus benefaciens（S. benefaciens）,考察其对中度嗜热菌群浸出尾矿过程的影响.结果表明,中度嗜热菌群（L. ferriphilum+A. caldus）8 d Zn浸出率达到93.94%.随着S. benefaciens引入,浸出环境保持更高的氧化还原电位和微生物活性,浸出过程中Fe³⁺浓度以及总铁浓度增加,4 d内Zn浸出速率提升了13.63%,8 d内Zn浸出率达到96.08%,S. benefaciens的加入强化了中等嗜热菌群的浸出效率.相关性分析表明多糖、蛋白质以及溶解性有机碳（DOC）与浸出过程中的溶液介质参数变化具有统计学意义上显著性和强相关性.表面官能团以及胞外聚合物（EPS）结果证实,引入S. benefaciens在浸出过程中促进菌群产生更多的蛋白质和碳水化合物,有助于提高中度嗜热菌群的浸出效率,加快浸出铅锌硫化矿尾矿中有价金属,降低其环境毒性.