O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O₃氧化、H₂O₂氧化和O₃/H₂O₂高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究.发现3种方法中,O₃/H₂O₂联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为O31.0mg/L、H₂O₂4mg/L时,接触30min达到100%的灭蚤率;单独O₃氧化效果也较好,投加1.0mg/L的灭蚤率为80%;H₂O₂氧化效果不理想,投加4mg/L几乎无灭蚤效果.进而考察确定了O₃/H₂O₂灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为:先加O₃后加H₂O₂,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H₂O₂投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O₃/H₂O₂系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响.试验中发现H₂O₂投量在4～10mg/L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小.最后对O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察.结果表明,O₃/H₂O₂预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果.     

Fe<Superscript>0</Superscript>-based system as innovative technology for degrading trichloromethane: Redox removal characteristics

BACKGROUND: The spent waste of aliphatic chlorinated solvents has caused severe deterioration of groundwater quality. Trichloromethane (TCM), which shows health and toxicological effects on human beings, was selected as a model compound to be dechlorinated through a redox system. METHODS: The Fe0-based system including Fe0/H2O, Fe0/UV, Fe0/H2O2, and Fe0/UV/H2O2 was explored to evaluate its performance in dechlorinating TCM. H2O2 was dosed at later reaction time points to initiate Fenton or photo-Fenton reactions. The first two systems demonstrate the reductive dechlorination of TCM by Fe0-released electrons, while the latter two show dechlorination of TCM by both electron reduction and hydroxyl radical oxidation. The system parameters of TCM remaining, Cl- buildup, Fe2+ accumulation, H2O2 residue, and ORP were measured to describe different redox characteristics of TCM dechlorination. The Cl- buildup was used as a way to describe the degree of TCM dechlorination in an open reaction system. RESULTS: Reductive dechlorination efficiencies of TCM were 5% and 6% for the systems of Fe0/H2O and Fe0/UV, respectively. In contrast, the Fe/H2O2 and Fe0/UV/H2O2 systems were capable of dechlorinating TCM reductively and oxidatively by 14% and 15%, respectively. The presence of UV light was found to retard the dissolution of Fe2+, but it enhanced the rate of chloride buildup, based on the comparison of Fe0/H2O and Fe0/UV systems. In addition, WV irradiation plays only a minor role in the Fe0/UV/H2O2 system, in view of TCM dechlorination. Application of small amount of H2O2 results in the increase of Fe2+ accumulation rate in the Fe0/H2O2 system. CONCLUSIONS: TCM was dechlorinated mostly through post Fenton oxidation; reductive reaction represents a less efficient way to dechlorinate TCM. The efficiencies of overall TCM dechlorination for the two systems of Fe0/H2O2 and Fe0/UV/ H2O2 are comparable to each other, and this implies that the presence of UV irradiation imposes no significant enhancement. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOKS: It is highly recommended to initiate effective redox dechlorination of TCM with the system of Fe0/H2O2, where the H2O2 in excess is applied at a later reaction time point.     

硫化亚铁引发储油罐火灾危险性的研究

笔者通过模拟储油罐中硫化亚铁的生成方式 ,分析和研究了硫化氢气体与氢氧化铁、三氧化二铁和四氧化三铁反应 ,生成的硫化亚铁的氧化倾向性 ,并采用自然氧化绝热装置 ,测定了硫化亚铁的温度变化曲线。实验研究结果表明 ,不同方式生成的硫化亚铁 ,其氧化性不同 ,自燃性也不同 ,均有较显著差异。硫化亚铁的温度变化曲线表明 ,氧化反应随着时间增加 ,其他应进行得越来越快 ,将会造成热量的聚集 ,使油品温度快速上升 ,导致油品自燃和储罐发生着火爆炸。实验研究证明 ,硫化亚铁氧化反应放出热量是构成油罐着火危险性的最大因素。     

含氧氢气钢瓶释放过程危险性分析及处置

针对一起空气误充入氢气钢瓶而导致使用时发生多起爆炸的事故,详细分析了氢氧混合气钢瓶在释放过程中的主要危险性,对释放过程中最可能存在的点火源即静电的产生机理及静电的放电条件进行了详细的论述,应用TNT当量法对可能发生的氢气钢瓶爆炸事故的破坏强度进行了估算。针对爆炸事故的高危险性,制定了以电机作为开阀动力的远距离放空方案,并提出了接地、洒水增湿等预防静电产生的有效措施,综合考虑冲击波超压伤害和人员操作的方便,确定了合理的安全操作距离,为防止爆炸产生的碎片对周围人员、建筑的伤害,在释放场所周围及人员操作场所设置了沙包墙作为防爆掩体。     

水和废水中硫化物测定预处理装置的改进

本文对亚甲基分光光度法测定水质硫化物的预处理装置进行了改进。实验结果表明改进的预处理装置效果与GB／T16489--1996等同，装置简单，操作简便、快速,吹气吸收效果好。     

Practical applications of the fenton reaction to the removal of chlorinated aromatic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Chlorophenols (CPs) constitute a group of organic pollutants that are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities, such as uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides, and as byproducts in the paper pulp bleaching. Promising removal technologies of chlorinated aromatics consist in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can provide an almost total degradation of a variety of contaminants. Among these, wide application find Fenton systems based on generation of reactive species having a high oxidizing power, such as hydroxyl radical HO*. Our objective was that of determining the overall degradation efficiency of the model compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by thermal Fenton-type oxidation systems with a view toward defining in more details relevant process parameters, the effect of reaction temperature and of co-catalyst Cu2+. METHODS: Reaction conditions were similar to those generally adopted as optimal in many practical applications, i.e. pollutant/Fe2+ (as FeSO4) ratio ca. 20, Fe2+/Cu2+ (co-catalyst) 2:1, pH adjusted and controlled at pH 3, and H2O2 in excess (up to four-fold over the stoichiometric amount required for complete mineralization). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that it is advantageous to carry out the reaction at a temperature markedly higher (70 degrees C) than ambient. The stepwise addition of H2O2 in aliquots yields an efficient transformation, while allowing a convenient control of the reaction exothermicity. Under these conditions, the essentially complete removal of the initial DCP is accomplished using just one equiv of H2O2 during 15 min; excess H2O2 (5 equivalents) yields extensive substrate mineralization. Also relevant, at 70 degrees C dechlorination of the initial DCP (and of derived reaction intermediates) is remarkably extensive (3-5% residual TOX), already with the addition of 1 equiv of H2O2. At the end of the reaction, IC and IC-MS analyses of the solution reveal that only low-molecular weight carboxylic acid (acetic, formic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, etc.) contribute to the residual TOC. CONCLUSIONS: The whole of the results herein point to the advantage of performing the process at temperatures substantially higher than ambient (70 degrees C). Under the conditions adopted, almost complete degradation of the initial toxic compound can be achieved using hydrogen peroxide in fair excess (e.g., 3.5 equiv H2O2). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In applying practical Fenton-type degradation systems to heavily polluted wastes, either for the pre-treatment of waters with a high COD value prior to biodegradation or for complete mineralization of pollutants, the set up of appropriate reaction conditions appears to be a key factor. Also, it is desirable to keep the concentration of iron salts within the lower limits in order to minimize the production and disposal of iron oxide sludges.     

含油污水中硫化物的处理技术

含油污水中的S2-穿透力强,易使管壁穿孔,破坏管线系统,干扰正常生产。介绍了油田污水中硫化物的处理方法,如加氯法、中和法、曝气法、氧化法、沉淀法。选用氧化法与沉淀法对双河站含硫污水进行了除硫实验,在实验中加入了自制的氧化型药剂Y-1、Y-2及沉淀型药剂F-1、F-2。实验结果表明,采用氧化法时,用Y-1处理剂的效果更好,除硫率均达到93%以上;而采用沉淀法时,用F-1与F-2处理剂的效果相当。当加药量达到最大时,除硫率全部达到99%以上。     

采用缓和湿式氧化工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣

介绍了缓和湿式氧化法处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣的工艺原理和流程。由试验结果可以看出,利用此工艺处理乙烯废碱液和炼油废碱渣时,反应温度、停留时间不同,S2-去除率和反应产物也不同。在反应温度为120 ℃时,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-的形式存在;当反应温度升高到150 ℃后,S2-的氧化产物以S2O32-和SO42-的形式并存;在反应温度达到180 ℃后,生成的S2O32-基本上完全转化为SO42-离子。在适宜的工艺条件(反应温度120 ℃,停留时间不低于40 min)下,混合废碱液或乙烯废碱液中S2-的排放浓度可降至2 mg/L以下。     

气体中硫化氢催化焚烧催化剂的制备和性能研究

考察了制备方法对催化剂活性的影响，评价了活性组分的添加量，操作温度和空速对催化剂活性和选择性的影响，在温度290℃，空速5000h^-1条件下，催化剂连续使用200h性能稳定，H2S转化率为SO2生成率在99．9％以上，该催化剂具有优良的性能，适合在硫化氢焚烧装置上使用。     

硫化氢中毒的机制及其防治

本文综述了1958～1989年间对硫化氢中毒的研究成果。硫化氢是广泛存在于自然环境及某些工作场所的无色剧毒气体,其主要中毒机制是抑制细胞色素氧化酶,中断细胞的有氧氧化。预防性给予亚硝酸盐可减轻中毒症状,但对其中毒尚无有效的解毒剂。