操作条件对电氧化去除废水中有机污染物的影响研究

为优化电催化氧化操作条件、降低能耗,考察了电解温度、直流电源电流密度、方波脉冲电源频率、占空比等工艺控制参数对苯酚模拟有机废水COD去除率的影响。同时,以水杨酸为羟基自由基(·OH)捕捉剂,通过高效液相色谱分析技术对不同电氧化操作条件下·OH的生成量进行间接检测。结果发现,苯酚溶液的COD去除率随电解温度的升高而下降,随电流密度的增大而升高;随着脉冲频率与占空比的增加,苯酚溶液COD去除率均呈现先升高后下降的规律,在脉冲频率为500Hz、占空比为50%时达到最高。操作条件对·OH生成量的影响与其对苯酚溶液COD去除率的影响规律一致,表明操作条件通过影响生成及进入到电解体系中的·OH量从而影响电氧化效率。比较发现,脉冲电源的单位COD处理能耗相比直流电源降低44%,具有明显节能效果。     

苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

Enhanced ozonation of dichloroacetic acid in aqueous solution using nanometer ZnO powders

Nanometer zinc oxide (ZnO) powders were used as a catalyst to enhance the ozonation for the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in aqueous solution. The batch experiments were carried out to investigate the e ects of key factors such as catalyst dosage, ozone dosage, solution pH and tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) on the degradation e ciency of DCAA. Density functional theory (DFT) was adopted to explore the mechanism of generating hydroxyl radical (.OH) on the ZnO surface. The results showed that adsorption and ozonation processes were not e ective for DCAA removal, and the addition of ZnO catalyst improved the degradation e ciency of DCAA during ozonation, which caused an increase of 22.8% for DCAA decomposition compared to the case of ozonation alone after 25 min. Under the same experimental conditions, the DCAA decomposition was enhanced by increasing catalyst dosage from 100 to 500 mg/L and ozone dosage from 0.83 to 3.2 mg/L. The catalytic ozonation process is more pronounced than the ozonation process alone at pH 3.93, 6.88, and 10. With increasing the concentration of t-BuOH from 10 to 200 mg/L, the degradation of DCAA was significantly inhibited in the process of catalytic ozonation, indicating that ZnO catalytic ozonation followed .OH reaction mechanism. Based on the experimental results and DFT analysis, it is deduced that the generation of .OH on the ZnO surface is ascribed to the adsorption of molecule ozone followed by the interaction of adsorbed ozone with active sites of the catalyst surface. It is also concluded that ZnO may be an e ective catalyst for DCAA removal, which could promote the formation of .OH derived from the catalytic decomposition of ozone.     

Photoreductive degradation of sulfur hexafluoride in the presence of styrene

Sulfur hexafluoride （SF6） is known as one of the most powerful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Reductive photodegradation of SF6 by styrene has been studied with the purpose of developing a novel remediation for sulfur hexafluoride pollution. Effects of reaction conditions on the destruction and removal efficiency （DRE） of SF6 are examined in this study. Both initial styrene-to-SF6 ratio and initial oxygen concentration exert a significant influence on DRE. SF6 removal efficiency reaches a maximum value at the initial styrene-to-SF6 ratio of 0.2. It is found that DRE increases with oxygen concentration over the range of 0 to 0.09 mol/m^3 and then decreases with increasing oxygen concentration. When water vapor is fed into the gas mixture, DRE is slightly enhanced over the whole studied time scale. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） analysis, prove that nearly all the initial fluorine residing in the gas phase is in the form of SiF4, whereas, the initial sulfur is deposited in the form of elemental sulfur, after photodegradation. Free from toxic byproducts, photodegradation in the presence of styrene may serve as a promising technique for SF6 abatement.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化苯乙酮的研究

研究了蜂窝陶瓷对臭氧化降解苯乙酮效率的影响.结果表明,蜂窝陶瓷显著提高了臭氧化降解苯乙酮的效率,叔丁醇的试验表明该体系遵循.OH氧化机理.蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的动力学可分为2个阶段,第一阶段的表观动力学常数为8.77×10-4s-1,Rct为10.34×10-10;第二阶段的表观动力学常数为4.63×10-3s-1,Rct为172.34×10-10.基于降解过程的色度变化和水样原子吸收的分析结果,结合降解动力学可以推测:降解过程中蜂窝陶瓷催化剂中Ti4+的溶出是苯乙酮降解效率提高的主导因素.     

MnO2/FeOOH复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除及机理试验研究

采用化学沉积法制备了二氧化锰/羟基氧化铁(MnO2/FeOOH)复合材料,并将其用于吸附去除水中的放射性重金属铀。通过静态吸附试验,考察了Fe/Mn物质的量比、pH值、吸附时间和干扰离子等因素对MnO2/FeOOH吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,利用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料结构和形貌进行表征,并分析其吸附机理。结果表明,在投加量为150 mg/L、温度为30℃、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、pH值为5、Fe/Mn物质的量比为1/2及吸附时间为120 min的条件下,MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的去除率最大可达97.7%,且pH值对铀去除效果的影响最为明显。MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线均能符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且最大吸附容量达260.34 mg/g。干扰离子试验表明,SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和Fe³⁺对MnO₂/FeOOH吸附U (VI)几乎没有影响,而Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺具有明显的抑制作用,且抑制随浓度的增大而增强。FTIR和XPS分析表明MnO2/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的主要作用机制为表面羟基、Mn-O与铀的配位作用。因此,MnO2/FeOOH可作为一种潜在的铀吸附材料。     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

NO3自由基与3种环醚的大气化学反应动力学研究

在自制的大气反应烟雾箱模拟实验装置中,利用相对速率法研究了3种工业常用溶剂四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧五环、1,4-二氧六环与NO3自由基在298 K±1 K和1.01×105 Pa条件下的反应,目的是通过了解这些挥发性有机化合物（volatile organiccompounds,VOCs）在大气中的降解反应动力学来评估这些化合物对环境可能造成的影响.利用配有氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）的气相色谱（GC）检测反应物浓度变化,测得NO3自由基与四氢呋喃的反应速率常数为（5.36±1.93）×10-15cm3·（molecule·s）-1,与文献报道值在误差范围内非常吻合,验证了实验装置和实验方法的可靠性.实验首次测定了298 K±1K和1.01×105 Pa条件下1,3-二氧五环以及1,4-二氧六环与NO3自由基反应的速率常数,分别为（1.84±0.70）×10-15cm3·（molecule·s）-1和（3.20±0.67）×10-16 cm3.（molecule·s）-1.利用所测反应速率常数估算这些化合物在大气中的平均寿命都在1 d甚至十几d,因此,其排放可能会对区域大气环境产生一定的影响.     

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