MoS2强化Fe2+活化单过硫酸盐去除磺胺甲恶唑和还原六价铬的研究

采用二硫化钼（MoS₂）作为助催化剂加入到亚铁离子（Fe²⁺）/单过硫酸盐（PMS）体系,去除溶液中的磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和还原六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））,分别对SMX及SMX与Cr（Ⅵ）共存情况下的去除效果进行研究,并考察了MoS₂、Fe²⁺、PMS、SMX投加量对SMX和Cr（Ⅵ）去除效果的影响.结果表明,在[MoS₂]₀=0.9 g·L^-1,[Fe²⁺]₀ =0.3 mmol·L^-1,[PMS]₀=1 mmol·L^-1,[Cr（Ⅵ）]₀=100 μmol·L^-1,[SMX]₀=25 μmol·L^-1,初始pH为3.0的条件下反应30 min时,SMX的去除率和Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率分别达到98.8%和99.2%;实验中MoS₂和Fe²⁺浓度与Cr（Ⅵ）还原率呈正相关,而PMS浓度过高则会抑制Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;MoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS体系下Cr（Ⅵ）的还原机理不仅与MoS₂还原生成的亚铁离子有关,Cr（Ⅵ）也能够被MoS₂或PMS直接还原.EPR实验表明,MoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS体系中主要的自由基是SO₄^·-和HO^·.     

臭氧氧化降解水中三氯乙烯的效能研究

卤代烃是地下水污染中常见的有机污染物,三氯乙烯(Trichloroethylene,TCE)作为一种典型的卤代烃,具有高检出率、易挥发、致癌性等特征,而对地下水中TCE的治理一直是研究的热点.因此,本文以TCE为目标污染物,采用臭氧氧化技术对其进行降解效能分析,重点考察了不同臭氧投加量、初始p H、温度、初始TCE浓度对臭氧氧化降解水中TCE的影响,并对反应产物及可能的臭氧氧化机理进行了推测.结果表明,溶液的初始p H、臭氧投加量、初始TCE浓度均会对TCE的降解效率和降解速率产生一定的影响.在优化的实验条件下(p H=9、臭氧投加量5mg·L~(-1)、TCE初始浓度1 mg·L~(-1)、温度30℃),TCE在2 h的降解率可以达到100%,反应结束后TCE脱氯率为71.1%.动力学实验表明,臭氧氧化TCE的反应符合伪一级动力学.热力学研究表明,臭氧氧化TCE的焓变(ΔH)为15.53 k J·mol~(-1),熵变(ΔS)为-226.5 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),活化能E_a为18.05 k J·mol~(-1),表明臭氧氧化TCE的反应易于进行.机理研究表明,臭氧氧化降解TCE主要是由臭氧分解所形成的羟基自由基进行的.     

Fe2+催化过碳酸钠降解水体中的磺胺二甲嘧啶

研究了过碳酸钠(SPC)在Fe~(2+)催化作用下对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMT)的降解作用,探究了Fe~(2+)和SPC的初始浓度及溶液初始p H对Fe~(2+)/SPC体系降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的影响,分析了体系中起主要作用的活性物种,并采用HPLC-MS/MS技术鉴定其降解的主要产物并提出可能的降解途径.结果表明,适当提高Fe~(2+)与SPC初始浓度可以提高磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率,但超过一定范围后反而会抑制其降解,实验中Fe~(2+)/SPC/SMT的最佳物质的量比为15∶10∶1,此时磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率可以达到84%;溶液初始p H的提高会抑制磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解,但抑制幅度不大,即使在偏碱性条件下仍能达到75%的降解率;Fe~(2+)/SPC体系中主要活性物种是HO·;磺胺二甲嘧啶可能的降解途径有3种,主要包括苯环相连N原子的羟基化、磺酰胺键[S—N]的断裂及分子间重排脱SO2.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.     

Catalytic activities of zeolite compounds for decomposing aqueous ozone

The advanced oxidation process (AOP), chemical oxidation using aqueous ozone in the presence of appropriate catalysts to generate highly reactive oxygen species, offers an attractive option for removing poorly biodegradable pollutants. Using the commercial zeolite powders with various Si/Al ratios and crystal structures, their catalytic activities for decomposing aqueous ozone were evaluated by continuously flowing ozone to water containing the zeolite powders. The hydrophilic zeolites (low Si/Al ratio) with alkali cations in the crystal structures were found to possess high catalytic activity for decomposing aqueous ozone. The hydrophobic zeolite compounds (high Si/Al ratio) were found to absorb ozone very well, but to have no catalytic activity for decomposing aqueous ozone. Their catalytic activities were also evaluated by using the fixed bed column method. When alkali cations were removed by acid rinsing or substituted by alkali-earth cations, the catalytic activities was significantly deteriorated. These results suggest that the metal cations on the crystal surface of the hydrophilic zeolite would play a key role for catalytic activity for decomposing aqueous ozone.     

臭氧-混凝耦合工艺污水深度处理特性及其机制

针对传统混凝工艺对溶解性有机物去除效果有限的问题,本文利用臭氧-混凝耦合工艺对污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理.与相同混凝剂投量下的预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺相比,该耦合工艺处理效果明显优于预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺的处理效果.在两种pH条件下耦合工艺对溶解性有机污染物的去除率最大,分别为37.96%和39.66%.为了进一步明确该耦合工艺去除溶解性有机物的机制,测定了两种pH和有无混凝剂Al Cl3·6H2O存在时对臭氧衰减的影响,结果表明较高的pH和有混凝剂存在时都能够加快臭氧的分解速度.同时,选择羟基自由基(·OH)的指示剂对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)间接计算了·OH的暴露量,结果表明耦合工艺中存在涉及·OH产生的高级氧化机制,而混凝剂可以提高臭氧化工艺中·OH的产量.当混凝剂与臭氧接触后,铝系混凝剂及其水解产物将作为催化剂促进臭氧分解为氧化能力更强的·OH,强化臭氧化效果,提高溶解性有机物的去除效率.     

Intrinsic chemiluminescence production from the degradation of haloaromatic pollutants during environmentally-friendly advanced oxidation processes: Mechanism, structure–activity relationship and potential applications

The ubiquitous distribution of halogenated aromatic compounds(XAr) coupled with their carcinogenicity has raised public concerns on their potential risks to both human health and the ecosystem. Recently, advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) have been considered as an"environmentally-friendly" technology for the remediation and destruction of such recalcitrant and highly toxic XAr. During our study on the mechanism of metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals(UOH) by halogenated quinones and H_2O_2, we found, unexpectedly, that an unprecedented UOH-dependent two-step intrinsic chemiluminescene(CL) can be produced by H_2O_2 and tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, the major carcinogenic metabolite of the widely used wood preservative pentachlorophenol. Further investigations showed that, in all UOH-generating systems, CL can also be produced not only by pentachlorophenol and all other halogenated phenols, but also by all XAr tested. A systematic structure–activity relationship study for all 19 chlorophenolic congeners showed that the CL increased with an increasing number of Cl-substitution in general. More importantly, a relatively good correlation was observed between the formation of quinoid/semiquinone radical intermediates and CL generation. Based on these results, we propose that UOH-dependent formation of quinoid intermediates and electronically excited carbonyl species is responsible for this unusual CL production; and a rapid, sensitive,simple, and effective CL method was developed not only to detect and quantify trace amount of XAr, but also to provide useful information for predicting the toxicity or monitoring real-time degradation kinetics of XAr. These findings may have broad chemical, environmental and biological implications for future studies on halogenated aromatic persistent organic pollutants.     

Fenton氧化降解2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺的特性和动力学特征

为探究Fenton试剂氧化降解2-N（2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺）的特性,通过实验室试验系统研究了初始pH、初始c（H₂O₂）、初始c（Fe2+）、初始ρ（2-N）和反应温度等因素对2-N去除率的影响以及动力学特征.结果表明:Fenton试剂氧化降解2-N效果显著,各试验组分别在初始pH为3.0、初始c（H₂O₂）为10 mmol/L、初始c（Fe2+）为1 mmol/L、初始温度为50℃、ρ（2-N）为100 mg/L时2-N的去除率相对最高,其降解过程均符合二级动力学模型;2-N去除率随温度的升高而增大,基于在不同温度下的速率常数,推导出了2-N降解的阿伦纽斯（Arrhenius Equation）经验表达式,得到Fenton氧化2-N的活化能为30.23 kJ/mol.研究显示,经Fenton氧化后,2-N分子断链开环,生成多种小分子酸,最终降解为二氧化碳和水.      

臭氧/沸石工艺处理水中硝基苯的效能研究

在连续反应器中,考察了臭氧/沸石工艺在不同条件下去除硝基苯的效果.结果表明,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率明显高于单纯臭氧氧化,反应7 min后,硝基苯去除率达到100％,并且该反应符合假一级反应动力学.叔丁醇能抑制臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,表明在氧化去除硝基苯过程中羟基自由基起主导作用.增加沸石投量和臭氧浓度均能有效地提高臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率,并且臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与沸石投量之间存在1个最优值,与臭氧浓度呈线性关系.臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除速率与初始硝基苯浓度无关.离子强度对臭氧/沸石工艺降解硝基苯的效率影响较大,当离子强度从0增加到1×10^-3　mol/L时,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除率从81.2％降低至31.6％.pH值主要影响臭氧的分解能力,随着溶液pH降低,臭氧/沸石工艺对硝基苯的去除效率逐渐下降.沸石具有较长的使用寿命.     

臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸动力学

采用臭氧氧化法降解高浓度腐殖酸废水,并研究了臭氧对腐殖酸的降解动力学,考察了臭氧投量、初始腐殖酸浓度、初始pH和反应温度对臭氧降解高浓度腐殖酸废水的影响.结果表明,在臭氧投量为3.46 g.h-1,初始腐殖酸浓度为1 000mg.L-1,初始pH=8.0,反应温度为303 K,反应30 min的条件下,腐殖酸的去除率达到89.04%.在臭氧投量为1.52～6.01g.h-1,初始腐殖酸浓度为250～1 000 mg.L-1,初始pH为2.0～10.0,反应温度在283～323 K的范围内,臭氧降解腐殖酸符合拟一级动力学模型,通过对实验数据拟合,得到反应动力学方程,反应活化能较低(Ea=1.30×104J.mol-1),并且模型计算数值与实际数据吻合良好(平均相对误差为7.62%).