Aqueous free radical chemistry of mercury in the presence of iron oxides and ambient aerosol

The effect of goethite (α-FeOOH), hematite (α-Fe₂0₃) and maghemite (γ-Fe₂0₃) on the aqueous photoreduction of divalent mercury with organic acids (oxalate, formate and acetate) is investigated. Laboratory photochemistry experiments with synthetic iron oxides and simulated sunlight were performed to assess the role of the oxides on the photoreduction. Ambient aerosol was also collected and introduced as the solid phase to compare its effect with that of synthetic oxides. It is observed that the presence of various iron oxides or aerosol particles enhances the photoreduction. It is also found that the hydroxyl radicals produced in the hematite-oxalate systems can re-oxidize the reduced mercury back to Hg(II). Based on the experimental observations, mechanisms responsible for the Hg(II) reduction are proposed. The kinetics of Hg⁰ oxidation by hydroxyl radicals was also studied by a steady-state kinetic technique using nitrate photolysis as the * OH radical source. The second-order rate constant is determined to be 2.0 × 10⁹ M⁻ s⁻¹. The implications of the studied reactions on the atmospheric chemistry of mercury are discussed.     

Determination of hydroxyl radicals with salicylic acid in aqueous nitrate and nitrite solutions

The qualitative and quantitative analyses of reactive oxygen species are essential to determine their steady-state concentration and related reaction mechanisms in environmental aquatic systems. In this study, salicylic acid was employed as an innovative molecular probe of hydroxyl radical(OH) generated in aqueous nitrate and nitrite solutions through photochemical reactions. Kinetic studies showed that the steady-state concentrations of OH in aqueous NO3^-(10 mmol/L, pH=5) and NO2^ (10 mmol/L, pH=5) solutions under ultraviolet irradiation were at a same magnitude, 10v-15 mol/L. Apparent quantum yields of OH at 313 nm were measured as 0.011 and 0.07 for NO3^- and NO2^ respectively, all comparable to the results of previous studies.     

臭氧氧化分解饮用水中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇

比较了几种常见氧化剂对饮用水中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,MIB)的氧化去除效果.结果表明,KMnO₄、NaClO、H₂O₂等氧化剂的氧化作用对水中MIB的去除效果均较差,而臭氧却能有效地将其氧化;考察了pH对臭氧化去除MIB的影响规律,发现pH在7.0～10.0条件下,随着pH值增加MIB去除率增加,但当pH达到10.0左右时,MIB的去除率反而下降;MIB的臭氧化去除效果随着自由基捕获剂(重碳酸盐和叔丁醇)的浓度增加而明显地降低,说明臭氧化去除水中MIB主要遵循自由基作用机理;以松花江江水为本底进行试验和与蒸馏水进行试验的结果相差不大,原因可能是由于松花江水体中碳酸盐浓度较低(小于50 mg/L),对自由基捕获能力较小,同时江水中的部分腐殖质(NOM)对臭氧去除MIB的过程起到了促进作用.     

Ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC catalyst for the degradation of Acid Orange 7 in water

Bimetallic Fe-Co/GAC （granular activated carbon） was prepared and used as heterogeneous catalyst in the ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate （PS, S2O8 2-） process. The effect of initial pH, PS concentration, catalyst addition and stirring rate on the decolorization of Acid Orange 7 （AO7） was investigated. The results showed that the decolorization efficiency increased with an increase in PS concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 g/L and an increase in catalyst amount from 0.5 to 0.8 g/L. But further increase in PS concentration and catalyst addition would result in an unpronounced increase in decolorization efficiency. In the range of 300 to 900 r/min, stirring rate had little effect on AO7 decolorization. The catalyst stability was evaluated by measuring decolorization efficiency for four successive cycles.     

真空紫外/过二硫酸盐去除饮用水中嗅味物质

为解决饮用水嗅味问题,系统研究了真空紫外光(VUV)活化过二硫酸盐(PS)对典型致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)的去除效果及影响因素.结果表明,在PS浓度0.5 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,PS难以去除2-MIB和GSM,VUV/PS联用工艺比VUV对2-MIB和GSM去除率分别提高76%和74%.VUV/PS联用工艺对致嗅物质的去除效果主要受PS浓度和VUV光强影响,在PS浓度0.25~2 mmol·L~(-1),VUV光强113.2~618.5μW·cm-2增加过程中,2-MIB的去除率分别增加42%和39%,GSM去除率分别增加34%和16%.p H值变化对2-MIB和GSM去除率的影响并不明显;HCO-3离子、腐殖酸的存在则导致2-MIB和GSM去除率的减小,减少程度随HCO-3离子、腐殖酸浓度的增大而增大.VUV/PS联用工艺可有效降解水中致嗅物质,降低后续水处理的难度.     

光催化氧化/吸收工艺处理垃圾焚烧发电厂恶臭废气

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂采用光催化氧化技术/吸收工艺联用技术对难降解恶臭气体进行高效处理,大大提高了恶臭气体的去除效率,实现了该行业废气的无害化处理,取得了良好的效果。运行结果显示,光催化氧化技术/吸收工艺联用技术能实现难降解恶臭气体的高效处理,排放废气可达到《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554-93)中的二级标准。     

连续测量大气·OH的化学电离飞行时间质谱仪的研制

搭建了一套化学电离飞行时间质谱仪用于连续测量大气·OH.该仪器采用了基于63Ni放射源的双管正交式结构大气压化学电离源电离大气中的·OH,最大程度地避免了试剂气体电离及滴定、转化反应间的相互干扰.63Ni放射源首先电离HNO3试剂气体得到试剂离子NO-3,·OH在反应管中与SO2反应最终转化为H2SO4,NO-3与H2SO4发生化学电离反应生成HSO-4离子,进入到质谱仪中进行检测,通过测量NO-3与HSO-4离子的强度,利用化学电离反应方程可直接计算出大气中OH的浓度.所研制仪器用于实验室内·OH的在线检测,在5 s内测得·OH的浓度为1.6×106个·cm-3,实验结果显示该仪器可用于原位连续测量大气中的超痕量自由基.     

超声活化过硫酸盐降解水中典型嗅味

为有效解决饮用水嗅味污染问题,选取水中典型致嗅物质二甲基异莰醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）作为目标污染物,系统研究了超声（US）活化过硫酸盐（PS）高级氧化技术对两种致嗅物质的降解规律及其影响因素.结果表明,在15 min内超声/过硫酸盐联用工艺能有效去除水中典型嗅味,与单独超声处理相比,2-MIB和GSM的去除率分别可提高57.0%和63.6%;2-MIB与GSM浓度在100~800 ng·L^-1范围内US/PS联用工艺均有较高的去除率,且在100 ng·L^-1时降解效果最佳,去除率分别可达88.7%和93.3%;典型致嗅物质的降解速率随PS浓度（0.25~2mmol·L^-1）和US声强（0.33~0.53 W·cm^-2）的增加而加快;水体中腐殖酸存在会竞争消耗自由基使嗅味降解受到抑制但影响效果不显著;在反应体系中分别加入甲醇与叔丁醇（自由基清除剂）后,2-MIB与GSM去除率明显下降,且甲醇对嗅味降解抑制程度强于叔丁醇,表明US/PS高级氧化技术对嗅味快速的降解主要是硫酸根自由基与羟基自由基共同作用的结果.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

羟基药剂杀灭压载水单胞生物研究

当前尚无一种有效的治理压载水外来入侵有害生物的方法。羟基氧化电位高达 2 80V ,它与压载水中入侵的有害细菌、微藻生物的反应属于游离基反应 ,致死微生物的反应速度极快 ,在压载水外排 (或输入 )过程中就可致死入侵微生物 ,致死微生物的羟基阈值为 0 7mg/L。羟基对入侵微生物具有广谱致死特性 ,它是杀灭微生物的绿色理想药剂 ,不存在药剂长期污染等问题