Depolymerization of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by Penicillium spp. inhabit the phyllosphere of urban ornamental plants

A variety of anthropogenic sources release hazardous polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the phyllosphere which is an excellent niche for diverse fungi, and some of them have PAHs degradation capabilities. Therefore, this research attempted to determine the PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene, and pyrene) degradation capability of phyllosphere inhabited Penicillium species. The leaf samples were collected from highly polluted urban areas (Panchikawatta, Pettah, Orugodawatta, Maradana, Sapugaskanda, and Colombo Fort) in Sri Lanka to isolate fungal species inhabiting the phyllosphere. Furthermore, their distribution patterns among the leaf tissue layers were studied using bright-field microscopic observations. Moreover, the best PAH degraders were screened out using plate assays and confirmed through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Further, their enzymatic activities during the PAHs degradation were analyzed. As per the microscopic observations, the highest fungal distribution was in the upper epidermis of the leaves followed by the fungal distribution in the interspaces of palisade mesophyll layers. Out of isolated fungal species, two Penicillium spp. (Penicillium citrinum P₂₃B-91 and Penicillium griseofulvum P₉B - 30) showed the highest PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene, and pyrene) degradation capabilities. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme dominated phenanthrene degradation in P. griseofulvum P₉B - 30, which showed the highest phenanthrene degradation ability (61%). In addition, P. citrinum P23B-91 was good at degrading anthracene (88%) and also displayed a higher MnP activity during the anthracene degradation than laccase and lignin peroxidase activities. The discoveries from the toxicity assay during the PAHs degradation processes revealed that the produced byproducts had no toxic effects on the fungal growth cycle and the phyllosphere. Therefore this phyllosphere Penicillium spp. are ideal for the bioremediation of polluted air in urbanized areas.     

In situ bioremediation of a hydrocarbon polluted site with cyclodextrin as a coadjuvant to increase bioavailability

Bioavailability is one main factor that influences the extent of biodegradation of hydrocarbons. They are very poorly soluble in water and easily adsorbed to clay or humus fractions, so they pass very slowly to the aqueous phase where they are metabolised by microorganisms. Cyclodextrins are natural compounds that form soluble inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules and increase degradation rate of hydrocarbons in vitro. In the perspective of an in situ application, we previously checked that -cyclodextrin does not increase eluviation of hydrocarbons through the soil and consequently does not increase the risk of groundwater pollution. The results of an in situ application of -cyclodextrin for bioremediation of a hydrocarbon polluted site are presented. We stated that the combination of bioaugmentation and enhanced bioavailability due to -cyclodextrin was effective for a full degradation.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

通过实验室选择性富集培养,从大庆石油污染土壤中获得了能以大庆原油为碳源快速生长的石油降解菌。采用该降解菌对原油污染土壤进行了原位生物联合修复实验。接入降解菌的处理单元分别种植大豆、碱草或加入蓬松剂,与空白试样作对比。各处理单元石油污染土壤中石油烃含量初始值为2228．25mg／kg（以1kg干土计）。经过135d的生物联合修复,石油烃降解率达63．65％-83．26％。     

污染水体的生物修复技术研究进展

详细介绍了污染水体生物修复技术的特点 ,综述了近年来国内外水体生物修复技术的研究和应用现状 ,并评述了水体生物修复技术存在的问题以及污染水体生物修复的发展方向     

改善湖泊水环境的调水与生物修复结合途径探索

分析了生物修复和引清调水措施在改善湖泊水环境的优点和不足,指出单独采用其中一种方法,在解决湖泊污染问题上都存在一定的局限性,而将二者结合起来既能充分发挥各自的优点,又能加快湖泊生态恢复的步伐.在此基础上,对二者结合途径进行探索.以汉阳四湖为例,引清调水与生物修复可以通过3种主要途径结合: 短期引清调水与长期生物修复相结合,局部生物修复与大区域调水置换结合,水力调度调控与湖泊生物恢复结合.     

饥饿诱导对蒽降解菌降解能力和存活能力影响研究

对一株蒽降解菌株进行饥饿诱导。将饥饿诱导后的蒽降解菌株作为外源降解菌中投入到蒽溶液中进行降解。经过饥饿处理2d后的菌株对蒽质量浓度100mg/L和50mg/L的降解转化率分别提高27.8%和23.7%,经过饥饿处理6d以后的菌株对蒽的降解转化率提高则不明显,对蒽质量浓度100mg/L和50mg/L的降解转化率分别提高4.3%和5.9%。经过饥饿诱导后细菌的大小以及细胞表面疏水性发生变化的同时,其存活能力也得到提高。     

石油污染土壤生物修复中试系统对微生物特性的影响

微生物作为土壤石油烃生物降解的主体,其活性是提高石油降解效率的关键要素.在石油污染土壤生物修复过程中,环境条件的改变造成微生物特性及其降解活性的相应变化.与现场调研的土壤相比,生物修复中试系统中微生物密度提高了1个数量级,FDA活性提高了1.5倍.由于环境胁迫产生的诱导作用,除油微生物优势明显.中试系统运行稳定后,除油微生物密度比微生物总密度低1个数量级,污染土壤中微生物的活性与除油微生物的密度变化更趋于一致.扫描电镜和显微镜观察结果表明,生物修复系统微生物以杆菌、球菌为主,革兰氏染色呈阳性.生物修复不同时期土壤与现场土样相比,其种群构成呈现各自的特点.在生物修复后期,微生物种群多样性有所降低,在强化生物修复中试系统中更为明显.这主要是因为随着反应的进行,环境胁迫对微生物的种群多样性及其相对丰度都产生了诱导.      

水体原位修复中沉水植物化感物质的分离与鉴定

水体中蓝绿藻的大量生长是引起水体富营养化的重要原因,故而在原位生态修复中抑制蓝绿藻的生长至关重要。藻类的生长可被沉水植物分泌的某些化感物质所抑制,对沉水植物分泌的化感物质进行定性定量的研究,探明其作用机理对富营养化水体的生态治理具有一定的理论指导与实践意义。选取我国南方地区常见的狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)5种沉水植物,通过对其水培液做GC-MS分析,鉴定了沉水植物次生代谢物的种类,并对其潜在的抑藻效应进行探究。结果显示:水培液中共检测出56种化合物,其中检出最多的为有机酸类物质;狐尾藻、苦草、伊乐藻和黑藻分泌的有机酸类物质含量高于其他检出物质,而金鱼藻的水培液检出物中酮和酯类物质含量较高。研究推测,狐尾藻水培液中检测鉴定出的琥珀酸、柠檬酸和苯酚为主要的化感物质,苦草水培液中的乳酸、癸酸、壬二酸、硬脂酸、月桂酸和苯酚起主要的抑藻作用;伊乐藻水培液中的主要化感物质为壬二酸、对羟基苯甲酸和棕榈酸,黑藻和金鱼藻水培液中起抑藻作用的物质为壬酸、阿魏酸和癸酸、油酸、乙酸丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯。     

纳米颗粒原位植入法制备改性超滤膜及其抗生物污染性能研究

选取氧化铝分散体(Al2O3)、Linde A型沸石(LTA)、Linde L型沸石(LTL)和X型八面沸石(FAU-X)4种纳米颗粒,采用原位植入的方法对超滤膜进行表面改性,以提高聚砜超滤膜的抗生物污染性能.通过扫描电子显微镜、接触角测定、抗生物污染性能测试等方法来表征改性前后膜结构和性能的变化.结果表明,纳米颗粒在膜表面的原位植入具有其可行性,该方法只改变超滤膜的表面形貌,对断面和底面的结构没有影响;纳米颗粒原位植入法改性后,超滤膜的亲水性有显著提高.就抗生物污染性能而言,纳米颗粒的植入提高了膜的抗粘附性能,在纳米颗粒覆盖的区域没有大肠杆菌粘附生长;在这4种膜中,UF-LTA和UF-LTL膜的抗粘附性能优于UF-Al2O3和UF-FAU-X膜.相较而言,LTA型沸石在膜表面分散效果良好,原位植入后显著改善了膜的亲水性并且表现出较好的抗粘附性能,可作为理想的材料用于下一步研究.但LTA型沸石的抗水流剪切的能力较弱,要想提高该种纳米颗粒在膜表面的结合牢固性,应考虑减小颗粒的粒径.     

氯代硝基苯降解菌Comamonas sp. strain CNB-1对污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

硝基取代芳烃化合物是一类重要的环境污染物,利用微生物降解作用修复被污染的土壤、清除环境中的污染物等具有重要的现实意义(Peres et al.,2000).利用从污水处理厂分离的一株降解氯代硝基苯的丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas sp.)菌株CNB-l进行了消除土壤中氯代硝基苯的试验研究.传统的菌落计数方法和针对氯代硝基苯降解酶基因的竞争性定量PCR技术监测结果表明,菌株CNB-1有效地在土壤中定值和存活,其细胞数量与污染物浓度具有显著的相关性,并能够在2 d时间内完全清除土壤中2 μg·g-1的氯代硝基苯.利用PCR-DGGE技术对土壤中的微生物群落检测,结果表明,存在污染物氯代硝基苯时可以明显检测到加入的菌株CNB-1的特征性条带,加入菌株CNB-1对土壤中原来微生物群落的影响不大.结论:菌株CNB-1在硝基芳烃污染土壤的生物修复中可能具有良好的应用前景.