电动-微生物修复过程中石油胶质结构和毒性变化

采用电动-微生物联合技术对石油胶质污染土壤进行60 d的修复,分析了修复后胶质的浓度、毒性和结构变化。实验结果表明,修复后胶质的降解率约为20%。施加电场后阴极区发芽率最高,达到97.5%,毒性最小。通过红外分析可知,阴极区胶质的羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值减小,表明阴极区胶质羰基数量减少,碳链支化程度较高,侧链长度变短。阳极区胶质的羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值增大,羰基数量增加。结合发芽率分析,胶质羰基面积和nCH2/nCH3比值减小,可能使胶质的毒性降低,从而影响发芽率。因此,电动-微生物联合修复虽然未能大幅度降低胶质浓度,却能通过改变胶质的结构来削减污染物毒性,且修复效果大于单独的微生物和电动作用。     

生态堆技术修复老化油泥污染土壤

通过添加海藻酸钠包埋菌剂、缓释肥料,并辅以通风工艺及浇水设备建立了修复石油污染土壤的生态堆,对胜利油田一处油泥暂存点的石油污染土壤进行了生态堆修复。修复结果显示：生态堆能高效修复污染土及油泥中的石油烃,一年后,C6~C16的脂肪烃降解至检出限以下,C17~C36的脂肪烃一年内降解率为93.5%,总PAHs的降解率能达到78%以上,但随着PAHs苯环数的增加,降解率呈下降趋势;缓释肥料及包埋菌剂的添加,以及生态堆顶部植物的种植,使生态堆内的环境条件保持较为稳定的状态,为石油烃的降解创造良好的条件。     

氧气微纳米气泡在地下水原位修复中的应用研究

微纳米气泡具有气泡粒径小、比表面积大、溶解氧浓度高、在水中停留时间长、传质效率高等特性,因而在地下水有机物污染原位修复领域具有很好的应用前景。选择南方某简易垃圾填埋场作为试验场地,采用微纳米气泡制备-注射一体化装置,研究抽提协同、注射流量、注射持续时间等工艺条件对氧气微纳米气泡传质和地下水污染物降解修复效果的影响。结果表明：相对于普通空气曝气,氧气微纳米气泡在水体内溶解氧浓度峰值更高,持续作用时间更长,抽提作用可显著提高微纳米气泡传质效率,提升影响半径,强化污染物去除效果。多轮注射+抽提联用工艺条件下,注射影响半径可达到4 m,COD去除率达96.1%,NH₃-N去除率达92.4%,但注射停止后存在一定的反弹现象。

     

原位水平阻隔风险管控技术在某退役工业污染场地治理中的应用

为满足人体健康风险管控目标,结合某退役工业污染场地后期开发工作情景,分别针对室内外区域设计了针对性的风险管控方案。室内区域建筑物地基下方−2 m污染土采用土壤气阻隔控制工程,在建筑物地基底板与导气层之间喷涂隔气膜对土壤气进行阻隔,控制建筑物下方导气层负压为−5~−2 Pa,利用抽提系统对土壤气进行集中收集,经尾气处理系统处理达标排放;室外区域原始地面标高−3 m以下污染土采用HDPE膜（两布一膜）进行水平阻隔,阻隔层上方采用清洁黏土覆盖压实。工程设施完工1年内开展的风险管控效果评估结果表明,室内外区域风险管控工程的工程性能指标及污染物指标均符合评估标准要求,达到预期效果,工程已于2021年12月通过生态环境主管部门验收,进入后期环境监管。

     

土壤微生物处理石油污染的研究

本文概述了石油污染土壤微生物处理的几种方法、生物降解机制以及这一领域的研究成果、研究现状,讨论了这一技术在我国的应用前景     

Bioremediation of Stranded Oil on an Arctic Shoreline

The application of slow-release and soluble fertilizers proved to be an effective and environmentally benign way of stimulating oil biodegradation on an Arctic shoreline. Fertilizer application to the surface of the beach delivered nutrients to the oiled sediment beneath the beach surface. There was no significant run-off of this fertilizer to either the nearshore water or to unfertilized plots, and there were no adverse toxicological effects of the fertilizer application. The fertilizer application was followed by an increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution from the beach, increased microbial biomass, and significantly greater biodegradation of oil on the plots that had received fertilizer. The rate of oil biodegradation was approximately doubled over the course of a year by fertilizer applications in the first two months after the spill.Simple test kits proved adequate to monitor the fertilizer-application process in the field in a time frame that would allow the application process to be fine-tuned during treatment on a real spill. Simple test kits and portable instrumentation were useful in demonstrating the initial success of the bioremediation strategy.     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物修复技术

对生物修复技术中的微生物进行了分类,并阐述了微生物生物降解土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的基本原理。在此基础上,分析了国内外微生物生物修复技术的发展概况,采用图示法重点综述了原位处理技术和非原位处理技术的工艺流程,并列举了相应的工程应用实例。     

Effect of expandable clays and cometabolism on PAH biodegradability

Pyrene and phenanthrene degradation was examined in both single and binary slurry systems for three different natural soils. It was found that the amount of total expandable clays (smectite and vermiculite) was in a good agreement with the achieved rate and extent of biodegradation. For instance, the intrinsic phenanthrene biodegradation rate was 626 microg/L/day for the soil with the largest expandable clay and 3203 microg/L/day for the soil with the least. Similarly, the smallest total pyrene biodegradation (65%) was found for the soil rich in expandable clays, compared to an 82% pyrene reduction in the soil that had the lowest amount. Mass transfer limitation after compound sorption to the clays was more pronounced for the more hydrophobic pyrene. In the presence of phenanthrene, total pyrene biodegradation increased by 2 to 7% due to cometabolism, while the total phenanthrene biodegradation was only enhanced by 0.5 to 5% in the binary system. This research demonstrated that expandable clays might govern the substrate availability to microorganisms and microbial accessibility to substrates. Therefore, the contribution of organic matter and expandable clays to sorption, desorption and biodegradation should be taken equally into account in order to better understand complex bioremediation issues.     

原位电热脱附技术在某有机污染场地修复中的应用效果

以某退役化学试剂厂土壤及地下水中氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、苯、氯苯为目标污染物,基于电热脱附技术开展了中试规模的修复研究。结果表明：经电热脱附处理后,土壤中氯乙烯、氯苯的平均去除率分别达到100%、99%,均低于北京市《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》中污染场地(住宅用地)中土壤筛选值;地下水中氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、苯、氯苯的平均去除率分别为90.5%、93.5%、96.4%、99.3%。此外,加热井设计间距对土壤温度变化有明显影响,间距为3.0 m的加热井布设方案下的升温时间短且升温效果好,优于间距为4.0 m的加热井布设方案,但两者均可达到去除污染物的目标;加热边界有效热传递范围可达2.0 m;止水帷幕与加热边界的最佳间距至少为3.0 m;目标温度越高,热脱附时间越长,热脱附效率则越高。同时,还讨论了土壤含水率及渗透性等因素对脱附效果的影响。电热脱附技术对修复氯代烃类有机物污染场地具有良好的效果,可进行大规模的工程应用。     

Engineered in situ bioremediation of a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer: assessment of mineralization based on alkalinity, inorganic carbon and stable carbon isotope balances

A concept is proposed to assess in situ petroleum hydrocarbon mineralization by combining data on oxidant consumption, production of reduced species, CH₄, alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with measurements of stable isotope ratios. The concept was applied to a diesel fuel contaminated aquifer in Menziken, Switzerland, which was treated by engineered in situ bioremediation. In the contaminated aquifer, added oxidants (O₂ and NO₃⁻) were consumed, elevated concentrations of Fe(II), Mn(II), CH₄, alkalinity and DIC were detected and the DIC was generally depleted in ¹³C compared to the background. The DIC production was larger than expected based on the consumption of dissolved oxidants and the production of reduced species. Stable carbon isotope balances revealed that the DIC production in the aquifer originated mainly from microbial petroleum hydrocarbon mineralization, and that geochemical reactions such as carbonate dissolution produced little DIC. This suggests that petroleum hydrocarbon mineralization can be underestimated if it is determined based on concentrations of dissolved oxidants and reduced species.