Development of a biobarrier for the remediation of PCE-contaminated aquifer

The industrial solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is among the most ubiquitous chlorinated compounds found in groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to develop a biobarrier system, which includes a peat layer to enhance the anaerobic reductive dechlorination of PCE in situ. Peat was used to supply primary substrate (electron donor) continuously. A laboratory-scale column experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this proposed system or PCE removal. This experiment was performed using a series of continuous-flow glass columns including a soil column, a peat column, followed by two consecutive soil columns. Anaerobic acclimated sludges were inoculated in all three soil columns to provide microbial consortia for PCE biodegradation. Simulated PCE-contaminated groundwater with a flow rate of 0.25 l/day was pumped into this system. Effluent samples from each column were analyzed for PCE and its degradation byproducts (trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethylene (ETH), and ethane). Results show that the decrease in PCE concentrations and production of PCE byproducts were observed over a 65-day operating period. Up to 98% of PCE removal efficiency was obtained in this passive system. Results indicate that the continuously released organics from peat column enhanced PCE biotransformation. Thus, the developed biobarrier treatment scheme has the potential to be developed into a cost-effective in situ PCE-remediation technology, and can be utilized as an interim step to aid in system scale-up.     

1株筛自柴油污染土壤的铜绿假单胞菌对萘的降解特性研究

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出1株萘降解菌HD-5,经16S r DNA序列分析鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),对功能基因进行PCR扩增证实该菌株中含有萘双加氧酶基因nah.采用生物强化、生物刺激以及二者相结合的方式修复萘含量为0.5%的自配污染土壤,综合比较了在不同修复方式下土壤中萘的降解率,修复过程中土壤FDA水解酶活和脱氢酶活的变化,以及运用定量PCR的方法动态分析了总细菌基因拷贝数和nah基因拷贝数.结果表明,在生物强化(B)、生物刺激(S)以及生物强化与生物刺激相结合(BS)这3种修复方式下,31 d后萘去除率分别为71.94%、62.22%和83.14%,BS组在修复过程中土壤FDA水解酶活和脱氢酶活明显高于另外两组,31 d后BS组土壤中总细菌基因拷贝数和nah基因拷贝数分别增长了约2.67×1011g-1和8.67×108g-1.上述研究结果表明筛选得到的萘降解菌株在土壤中具有良好的定植特性,在生物刺激与该降解菌株的共同作用下,可以有效地实现土壤中萘降解,这对此类污染生物修复过程研究具有一定的指导意义.     

材料疲劳裂纹门槛值测定方法研究

目的研究快速简便的金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测定方法。方法利用原位观察技术,通过对裂纹扩展的精确捕捉获得材料裂纹扩展门槛值。结果利用原位技术测量获得的LY12CZ铝合金材料疲劳裂纹门槛值与Bucci采用升降法获得的门槛值数据相近,并且测量简便。结论利用扫描电镜原位技术可以快速获得裂纹扩展门槛值,是一项具有工程应用前景的裂纹扩展门槛值测量手段。     

气象因素对长三角背景地区甲烷浓度的影响分析

通过分析2009年1月～2011年12月临安区域大气本底站在线观测获得的CH4浓度,研究地面风向、地面风速、地面气温、日照等气象因素对长三角背景地区CH4浓度的影响.结果表明,临安站CH4浓度的日变化分布表现为单峰型形态,下午低、凌晨高,浓度日变幅在19.0×10-9～74.7×10-9(摩尔分数)之间;季节变化特征表现为春季低、秋季高,月均浓度分布在1 955.7×10-9～2 036.2×10-9之间.NE～SSE风向上CH4浓度较高,SW～NNW风向上CH4浓度较低;地面风速越大,CH4浓度越低;地面气温升高,CH4浓度出现先升后降的分布;随着日照时数的增加,CH4浓度亦表现为先升后降的分布特征.     

In-situ stabilisation followed by ex-situ composting for treatment and disposal of heavy metals polluted sediments

An innovative in-situ stabilisation treatment followed by ex-situ sediment composting was tested for its ability to treat and dispose of heavy-metal-polluted sediments in a river near the Chinese Pearl Delta. First, polluted sediments were treated in-situ to stabilise the heavy metals. Then the treated sediments were dredged, dewatered and sent for high temperature aerobic composting (HTAC) treatment. Finally, the compost products were used as a fertiliser for river bank plants. The stabilisation efficiency of heavy metals during the process was investigated and the results are as follows: (1) using in-situ stabilisation, the extraction concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were reduced by 65.0%, 82.2% and 90.0%, respectively, which are much lower than the national standard given in the Identification Standard for Hazardous Waste (GB5085.3-1996); (2) chemical fraction analysis showed that heavy metals were further stabilized during the HTAC treatment; (3) the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in rainwater ieachate through the river bank met the level of class V in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water in China (GB3838-2002). Therefore, using this new process, the toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were reduced markedly.     

河流沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离及脱氮除磷研究

采用常规细菌分离方法,从河流沉积物中筛选出20株具有反硝化作用的细菌菌株,研究了其反硝化强度,对反硝化强度最大的菌株进行了鉴定,并进一步研究了其不同浓度下脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,筛选的菌株均具有一定的脱氮能力,但不同菌株的脱氮能力不同,反硝化强度在50%以上的有10株,其中F10菌株的脱氮能力最强为63.2%,通过形态学、革兰氏染色结合16S rDNA序列同源性分析鉴定,其鉴定结果为粪产碱杆菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）;不同浓度的F10净化生活污水,其中100　mg/Ｌ的处理效果最好,在第10d时,总氮、总磷的去除率最大,分别为76.2%、93.8%.     

Uncertainties in stormwater runoff data collection from a small urban catchment, Southeast China

Monitoring data are often used to identify stormwater runoff characteristics and in stormwater runoff modelling without consideration of their inherent uncertainties. Integrated with discrete sample analysis and error propagation analysis, this study attempted to quantify the uncertainties of discrete chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, stormwater flowrate, stormwater event volumes, COD event mean concentration (EMC), and COD event loads in terms of flow measurement, sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the uncertainties due to sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis of COD from stormwater runoff are 13.99%, 19.48% and 12.28%. Meanwhile, flow measurement uncertainty was 12.82%, and the sample collection uncertainty of TSS from stormwater runoff was 31.63%. Based on the law of propagation of uncertainties, the uncertainties regarding event flow volume, COD EMC and COD event loads were quantified as 7.03%, 10.26% and 18.47%.     

硫酸盐还原菌修复污染土壤过程中镉的地球化学形态分布变化

利用Tessier五步连续提取法作为分析手段,研究了硫酸盐还原菌对不同污染程度土壤中镉的地球化学形态分布的影响.研究结果表明,在受镉污染的土壤中,可交换态是镉存在的主要形态.土壤中镉在硫酸盐还原菌的作用下,总量没有发生变化,但地球化学形态发生显著变化,从不稳定的可交换态转化为更加稳定的铁锰氧化物结合态,可交换态的去除率可达60%～80%;镉形态的变化使土壤中镉的生物町利用性发生了明显的变化,易利用态的比例明显下降,达到了修复效果.在修复过程中,镉对硫酸盐还原菌活性的抑制作用不同.利用硫酸盐还原菌修复重金属污染的土壤,具有修复效率相对较高、技术简便的优点,是一种有广阔应用前景的修复方法.     

接种Penicilliumsp.和根际分泌物对土壤甲磺隆的协同降解研究

通过接种Penicillium sp.和模拟小麦根际环境的方法,研究了甲磺隆在Penicillium sp.和小麦根际分泌物协同作用下的生物降解特性.结果表明,根系分泌物丰富了土著微生物和外源微生物,对甲磺隆的降解具有显著的促进作用.接种Penicillium sp.的根际土壤中甲磺隆降解半衰期为8.6 d,其降解速率是接种Penicillium sp.的非根际土壤的1.8倍,是普通根际土壤的2.7倍.继续追加甲磺隆的试验表明,接种菌株Penicillium sp.对甲磺隆的降解具有可持续性.     

土壤气相抽提技术在修复污染场地中的工程应用

针对某化工厂污染场地的修复问题,采用土壤气相抽提原位修复技术将包气带中的挥发性和某些半挥发性污染物抽出,使污染场地得以修复。根据场地条件及污染特性,确定修复系统的组成、运行。样品检测结果表明:修复8个月后,对主要污染物苯,在土壤中的去除率达95.2%~99.9%,在土壤有机废气中的去除率达80.7%。从实际工程应用说明土壤气相抽提技术是一种效果较好的修复技术,为类似污染场地原位修复问题提供工程技术参考。