好氧反硝化菌的脱氮特性研究与探讨

本论文对好氧反硝化菌株FR2,FX5,FW4在好氧条件下的反硝化特性进行了研究。结果表明：反硝化主要发生在菌体的对数生长期,且反硝化过程中NO2^--N有少量的积累。 对不同温度、pH、碳源对好氧反硝化作用的影响进行了研究,结果表明：该三株菌在好氧条件下均具有良好的反硝化效果;温度为25℃～30℃的中性和微碱性条件反硝化效果较好;以乙酸钠为碳源的反硝化效果最好,NO3^-N的去除率最高。以葡萄糖为碳源的反硝化效果最差,NO3^-N的去除率最低。     

Effect of streambed substrate on macroinvertebrate biodiversity

Macroinvertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems, and are often used as indicator species for the assessment of river ecology. Numerous studies have shown that substrate is the primary physical environmental variable affecting the taxa richness and density of macroinvertebrates. The aim of this work is to study the effects of the characteristics of streambed substrate, such as grain size, shape, and roughness, on the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. A field experiment was done on the Juma River, a second-order mountain stream in northern China. Substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, pebbles, coarse sand, and fine sand were used to replace the original gravel and sand bed in a stretch of 30 m in length. The sampling results indicated that the macroinvertebrate assemblage is significantly affected by the grain size, porosity and interstitial dimension of the substrate, while it is rarely affected by the shape and the surface roughness of the experimental substrata. Macroinvertebrate compositions in cobbles and hewn stones were stable and changed least over time. The taxa richness and density of individuals in the substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, and pebbles are much higher than in those of the coarse sand and fine sand. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2007, 47(9): 1553–1556 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

木耳菌糠生物炭对阳离子染料的吸附性能研究

为了有效处理印染废水,以废弃木耳菌糠（AG）为原料,采用限氧热解法在350、550、750℃的温度下制备木耳菌糠生物炭（AGBC）,处理含有孔雀石绿（MG）、番红花红T （ST）的有色废水.考察了不同初始pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度对AGBC吸附MG、ST的影响,讨论了吸附动力学及等温吸附特性.并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等技术对吸附前后的菌糠生物炭进行表征,探究吸附机理.结果表明：随着热解温度的升高,吸附剂表面的含氧官能团数量逐渐减少,而比表面积和芳香化程度逐渐增加.MG的平衡吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而增大,而ST的平衡吸附量呈现相反趋势.AGBC对MG、ST的吸附分别在8h和4h基本达到平衡.AGBC对MG的吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以物理吸附为主;对ST的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以化学吸附为主.与AG350和AG550相比,AG750对MG和ST的吸附量更高,经Langmuir模型拟合,其对MG和ST的最大吸附量分别为10249.79mg/g、3353.49mg/g.吸附机理表明,AGBC对MG的吸附主要为静电引力和π-π共轭作用,对ST的吸附主要为氢键作用、π-π共轭作用以及静电引力.说明AGBC对阳离子染料具有一定的吸附潜力,是一种经济高效的吸附材料.     

Aerobic Biodegradation of Polymers in Solid-State Conditions: A Review of Environmental and Physicochemical Parameter Settings in Laboratory Simulations

During the last few years, biodegradable polymers have been developed to replace petrochemical polymers. Until now, research devoted to these polymers essentially focused on their biodegradability. There is now a need to bear out their nontoxicity. To verify this, the biodegradation must be carried out in accelerated laboratory tests which allow the metabolites and residues to be recovered. To reproduce the natural conditions (compost, field) as closely as possible, degradation experiments must be run on solid-state substrates. We review studies of aerobic degradation in solid-state substrates. This article focuses in particular on the environmental, physical, and chemical parameters (such as substrate nature, moisture, temperature, C/N ratio, and pH) that influence biodegradation kinetics. This study also aims at finding the solid substrate most adapted to residues and metabolite recovery. The most significant parameters would appear to be the substrate type, moisture content, and temperature. Inert substrates such as vermiculite are well suited to residue extraction. This review also opens the field to new research aimed at optimizing conditions for aerobic solid-state biodegradation and at recovering the metabolites and residues of this degradation process.     

Al3+离子掺杂对负载TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响

以钛酸丁酯和Al2(SO4)3·18H2O为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法在钛片、玻璃、釉面瓷砖、陶瓷、不锈钢和铝片六种载体上制备了Al3+掺杂TiO2薄膜,讨论了不同Al3+掺杂浓度下,不同载体表面上制备的TiO2薄膜对甲基橙脱色率的影响。试验结果表明Al3+对TiO2薄膜的掺杂效果与载体的类型密切相关,并且不同载体其Al3+掺杂的最佳浓度也不同。Al3+掺杂后,TiO2薄膜光催化活性提高最大的是玻璃,其次是釉面瓷砖、铝片、钛片、陶瓷,最差的是负载不锈钢。     

有机碳源和溶解氧对亚硝酸盐生物硝化的影响研究

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中纯化分离到高活性硝化菌株N-20（Nitrobacter sp．）,在一种新型材料Carbon Foam的表面挂膜;通过对菌株N-20进行摇瓶试验,选择添加有机碳源的种类,将其在pH7．5～8．0、温度28℃的条件下,分别以NaNO2和K2HPO4为氮源和磷源,通过生物滤塔中的液相连续试验,考察在不同DO的条件下有机碳源对硝化作用的影响规律。结果表明,以葡萄糖作为有机碳源,DO≥2mg／L,葡萄糖低于20mg／L时,生物滤塔内可进行正常硝化,NO2^--N的硝化去除率维持在90％左右,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,硝化去除率下降到70％;DO≤2mg／L,葡萄糖对硝化作用的抑制增强,当葡萄糖为200mg／L时,生物滤塔中NO^2-—N的硝化去除率仅为32％。     

标准加入分光光度法测定废水中氨氮

本文将标准加入法运用于分光光度分析中,排除了废水氨氮测定中复杂的基体干扰,操作简便,结果准确,适合于单个或小批量水样的直接测定。     

PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统处理煤矿废水

针对常规人工湿地系统处理高浊含氮磷的有机煤矿废水不佳的问题,采用PRB与人工湿地耦合的方法,进行砂箱模拟实验研究。实验结果表明,由无烟煤、钢渣及沸石构建的PRB强化垂直流人工湿地系统对NH4+-N、PO34--P、Mn2+、COD、SS的去除率分别达到88.84%、96.08%、98.98%、85.78%和94.00%,与常规人工湿地相比,具有处理效率高、水力负荷大、占地面积小等特点,更便于运行管理。     

菇渣用作无纺布容器育苗成型机配套基质的研究

为探讨菇渣在无纺布容器育苗成型技术中作为配套容器基质应用的可行性,研究了育苗成型机制备的菇渣(发酵后)和草炭容器基质的基本理化性质、盐分淋洗特征及其对火炬树和侧柏出苗及生长的影响。结果表明:菇渣基质的容重、通气状况与草炭基质之间无显著差异,pH值虽显著高于草炭基质,但适宜多数植物生长;相对于草炭基质,菇渣基质的持水能力不足,保肥性能较差;菇渣基质的适宜水分范围(36.1%~143.5%)明显小于草炭基质(41.9%~193.8%),有效水绝对含量较低;菇渣基质的电导率(3.71 mS.cm-1)虽高于安全育苗的临界值(≤2.6 mS.cm-1),但随着浇水次数的增加可逐渐降到安全值以下;菇渣基质的全氮、全磷和全钾含量显著高于草炭基质。在充足的水分和养分条件下,菇渣和草炭容器基质对侧柏和火炬树出苗及成活的影响基本一致,但菇渣基质对火炬树的育苗效果优于草炭基质。可见,只要保证充足水分,菇渣基质在无纺布容器育苗成型技术中可以替代草炭基质用于火炬树和侧柏的育苗。     

不同因素对人工湿地基质脱氮除磷效果的影响

在人工配制的污水中投入一定量的基质,不同条件下振荡培养,评价沸石、炉渣和陶瓷滤料3种基质在不同因素影响下对氨氮(NH4+-N)和总磷(TP)的吸附能力。结果表明,不同吸附时间时,沸石对NH4+-N的吸附效果最好,陶瓷滤料对TP的吸附效果最好;进水浓度对沸石吸附NH4+-N的影响较大,其吸附量随进水浓度的增大而增大,进水浓度对炉渣和陶瓷滤料吸附NH4+-N及炉渣吸附TP影响不大;3种基质对NH4+-N和TP的吸附量均是随吸附剂量的增加而降低,要达到较好的去污效果,应根据实验结果考虑基质投入量;pH值对沸石吸附NH4+-N影响显著,pH值6～7范围内吸附效果最好,pH值8～12的碱性条件有利于基质对TP的吸附。