内排压脚与边坡稳定性的关系

为了研究边坡角及边坡形状与边坡稳定性的关系,采用有限元软件ANSYS模拟了不同边坡角对应的稳定系数,以及不同平盘宽度和压脚高度所形成的等储备强度边坡的稳定系数。模拟中假设材料符合相关联的理想弹塑性本构关系,强度准则符合Drucker-Prager准则,用计算收敛性作为边坡稳定性的准则,用强度折减法得出边坡的稳定系数。为了形成等储备强度边坡,由下到上分步骤进行压脚。先在平面边坡最下台阶压脚,这样提高了边坡稳定系数,在边坡进入临界状态时,最下两台阶的塑性状态相同,则压脚停止;再在最下两台阶同时压脚,在边坡进入临界状态时,最下3个台阶的塑性状态相同,则压脚停止;以此类推,在最下边n个台阶同时压脚,在边坡进入临界状态时,压到与第n+1个台阶的塑性状态相同为止。结果表明,边坡总是从坡脚开始形成塑性区,在重力加载过程中,塑性区以弧形条带向坡顶扩展,形成滑带。最有效的内排压脚是从最下台阶开始形成等储备强度边坡的压脚。     

火灾中液化气储罐热响应CFD模拟的UDF程序设计

为了降低火灾环境下储罐内部介质热响应及储罐失效试验研究的成本和风险,更好地为储罐事故的预测预防提供模拟依据,利用Fluent 12.0软件对密闭容器内部介质的传热传质过程进行模拟,给出了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下相变的控制方程;通过考虑内部介质气化热随温度的变化及饱和温度与区域单元压力之间的关系,编写了内部介质在受热和冷却条件下质量和能量源项的用户自定义函数(UDF);通过对部分参数进行简化,分别给出了喷射火和池火条件下丙烷储罐热响应模拟的结果,并与试验结果进行了对比.结果表明:储罐热响应各主要参数(内部介质温度、壁面温度,储罐内部压力)的误差在喷射火条件下低于15％,在池火条件下低于12.4％.这表明模拟所需源项UDF正确,可以用于现实储罐热响应的模拟.     

储罐硫腐蚀产物标志性气体的监测

含硫油品储罐内的腐蚀产物与油品中的活性硫反应生成硫化物,而此类硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃是导致储油罐发生火灾、爆炸事故的重要原因.通过试验考察了氧气体积比对硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃过程的影响,探索了铁锈模拟物在氧化过程中SO2气体的释放规律.结果表明:氧气浓度越高,硫腐蚀产物的自燃危险性越大;随着O2浓度增加,氧化反应中SO2的浓度越大,SO2气体析出速度越快,当氧化反应的温度为40℃时,SO2气体浓度达到最大.     

外浮顶罐充氮管网设计及有效性试验验证

为了预防外浮顶罐密封圈雷击火灾,提出在密封圈内充入氮气的保护方法.将安全含氧量作为充氮的惰化目标,对外浮顶罐充氮管网进行设计,并通过试验来验证充氮管网的有效性.试验得到了充氮流量、进出气孔数量及管径与有效充氮时间的关系.若以142 m3/h的流量对容量为10×104 m3的外浮顶罐密封圈内充氮,则46.5 min内可以达到充氮惰化目标.雷电预警时间为60 ～ 90 min的条件下,充氮时间小于预警时间,表明所设计的管网是有效的.     

Enhancing anoxic denitrification of low C/N ratio wastewater with novel ZVI composite carriers

External organic carbon sources are needed to provide electron donors for the denitrification of wastewater with a low COD/NO₃^--N（C/N） ratio, increasing the treatment cost. The economic strategy is to enhance the bioactivity and/or biodiversity of denitrifiers to efficiently utilize organic substances in wastewater. In this study, novel zero-valent iron（ZVI） composite carriers were prepared and implemented in a suspended carrier biofilm reactor to enhance the bioactivity an...     

液化石油气槽车泄漏处置专用接头套组的应用探讨

针对消防救援车辆缺乏专业堵漏和倒罐装备、应急处置受限等问题,研究采用专用注压接头套组与消防车配合,通过向事故槽车阀门注水加压或惰性气体的方式实施辅助堵漏,能够实现因地制宜、快速有效地解决现场液化石油气大量泄漏的问题,降低事故危害。     

底泥疏浚对太湖内源及底栖生物恢复的影响

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源削减具有重要的作用,是富营养化湖泊内源治理的重要技术之一.以太湖疏浚区为对象,估算了近十余年疏浚对内源负荷的削减量,并评估了太湖北部竺山湖和梅梁湖的底泥疏浚效果.结果表明,太湖累计疏浚的4 200万m³底泥,共计清除了底泥中氮约6.26万t,总磷约1.83万t,有机质约117万t,相当于清除了蓄积于底泥中二十余年的外源污染物输入量.对于外源控制较好的梅梁湖,底泥疏浚后5 a内水质改善明显,随后出现反弹,但仍有效削减了表层底泥总氮和总磷含量.相反,对于外源输入仍较大的竺山湖,疏浚十余年后,底泥内源又回复到浚前水平.对竺山湖疏浚区开展了长达6 a的底栖生物群落跟踪评估,发现疏浚初期对底栖生物群落具有一定的影响,但浚后2 a,底栖生物密度与生物量等指标已接近浚前水平. 6 a后,疏浚区与未疏浚区的底栖生物群落多样性指数已无差别.结果也表明,底泥疏浚对湖体内源具有较好的控制效果,且疏浚效果维持程度与外源输入强度密切相关.此外,长期来看,疏浚区底栖生物群落依靠自恢复能力可达到浚前水平,疏浚不会对底栖生物群落结构造成影响.     

Dissipation of Tidal Energy and Associated Mixing in a Wide Fjord

This paper sets out to test the hypothesis that vertical mixing due to the dissipation of the internal tide accounts for a significant proportion of the total vertical mixing in a fjordic basin during a period of deep water isolation. During July and August 1999 two locations in the Clyde Sea were instrumented with moored RD Instruments Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and conductivity-temperature-pressure chains: Station C2, near the shallow entrance sill (55 m water depth), and station C1 in the deep basin (155 m water depth). A bottom pressure recorder was also deployed at station C3 by the seaward entrance to the Clyde Sea in the North Channel of the Irish Sea. A Free-falling Light Yo-yo shear microstructure profiler (FLY) was used to measure the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) throughout the water column over 25 h at both C1 and C2. These were interspersed with two-hourly conductivity-temperature-depth casts at both sites. The observations show agreement between the dissipation rate of TKE estimated by using a microstructure profiler and that estimated from the decay of the internal tide as measured by the two ADCPs. However, to account for all the implied mixing it is necessary to invoke an additional source of buoyancy flux, the most probable candidate mechanism is enhanced internal wave breaking near the sill and at the sloping boundaries of the deep basin. In addition, the vertical eddy diffusivity estimated from the micro-structure profiler (O(0.5 cm² s^–1) indicates that internal tide induced mixing away from any boundaries contributed significantly to the overall level of mixing which is required to account for the observed evolution of the deep basin water properties.     

Differences in Evaporation Between a Floating Pan and Class A Pan on Land1

Abstract: Research was conducted to develop a method for obtaining floating pan evaporation rates in a small (less than 10,000 m²) wetland, lagoon, or pond. Floating pan and land pan evaporation data were collected from March 1 to August 31, 2005, at a small natural wetland located in the alluvium of the Canadian River near Norman, Oklahoma, at the U.S. Geological Survey Norman Landfill Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site. Floating pan evaporation rates were compared with evaporation rates from a nearby standard Class A evaporation pan on land. Floating pan evaporation rates were significantly less than land pan evaporation rates for the entire period and on a monthly basis. Results indicated that the use of a floating evaporation pan in a small free‐water surface better simulates actual physical conditions on the water surface that control evaporation. Floating pan to land pan ratios were 0.82 for March, 0.87 for April, 0.85 for May, 0.85 for June, 0.79 for July, and 0.69 for August.