O／W型乳化液的处理

采用药剂破乳－电解破乳工艺处理Ｏ／Ｗ型乳化液，药剂破乳选用聚合硫酸铁为破乳剂，破乳时最佳ＰＨ为８，聚合硫酸铁的最佳投量为１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，电解破乳选用铁作阳极，铝作阴极，电流密度０．８６Ａ／ｄｍ＾２，极距２５ｍｍ，电解时间３ｈ。在上述条件下，破乳效果良好，出水清澈透明，ＣＯＤ总去除率可达到９６－９７％。     

非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能

以丙烯酰胺（AM）和烷基酚聚醚（APAP）为单体,采用反相乳液聚合法制备了流动性好的非离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂（PAM-APAP）。考察了乳化剂和引发剂的种类、单体总质量分数、单体配比和反应温度等因素对聚合反应的影响。实验结果表明,制备PAM-APAP的最佳工艺条件为：单体总质量分数35%、m（AM）∶m（APAP）=9.0∶1.0、Span80+Tween80复配乳化剂加入量为油水总质量的7%、m（Span80）∶m（Tween80）=7.0∶1.5、V50加入量为单体总质量的1.5‰、反应温度50℃。PAM-APAP具有较好的絮凝效果,与其他絮凝剂相比用量较少,在加入量为100mg/L时,对聚合物驱油中产生的含聚合物污水的浊度去除率为87.9%,去油率为89.5%,且絮体不黏壁。     

Optimization-Based Atmospheric Plume Source Identification

This work applies optimization and an Eulerian inversion approach presented by Bagtzoglou and Baun in 2005 in order to reconstruct contaminant plume time histories and to identify the likely source of atmospheric contamination using data from a real test site for the first time. Present-day distribution of an atmospheric contaminant plume as well as data points reflecting the plume history allow the reconstruction and provide the plume velocity, distribution, and probable source. The method was tested to a hypothetical case and with data from the Forest Atmosphere Transfer and Storage (FACTS) experiment in the Duke experimental forest site. In the scenarios presented herein, as well as in numerous cases tested for verification purposes, the model conserved mass, successfully located the peak of the plume, and managed to capture the motion of the plume well but underestimated the contaminant peak.     

无机陶瓷膜处理冷轧厂乳化液废水工艺

通过对冷轧厂乳化液(含油)废水处理方法的对比,说明处理该废水采用无机陶瓷膜处理装置完全可行;介绍了无机陶瓷膜处理冷轧厂乳化液(含油)废水的工艺过程及处理系统组成。     

Inverse modeling of Asian Rn flux using surface air Rn concentration

When used with an atmospheric transport model, the ²²²Rn flux distribution estimated in our previous study using soil transport theory caused underestimation of atmospheric ²²²Rn concentrations as compared with measurements in East Asia. In this study, we applied a Bayesian synthesis inverse method to produce revised estimates of the annual ²²²Rn flux density in Asia by using atmospheric ²²²Rn concentrations measured at seven sites in East Asia. The Bayesian synthesis inverse method requires a prior estimate of the flux distribution and its uncertainties. The atmospheric transport model MM5/HIRAT and our previous estimate of the ²²²Rn flux distribution as the prior value were used to generate new flux estimates for the eastern half of the Eurasian continent dividing into 10 regions.The ²²²Rn flux densities estimated using the Bayesian inversion technique were generally higher than the prior flux densities. The area-weighted average ²²²Rn flux density for Asia was estimated to be 33.0 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹, which is substantially higher than the prior value (16.7 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). The estimated ²²²Rn flux densities decrease with increasing latitude as follows: Southeast Asia (36.7 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹); East Asia (28.6 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹) including China, Korean Peninsula and Japan; and Siberia (14.1 mBq m⁻² s⁻¹). Increase of the newly estimated fluxes in Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia from the prior ones contributed most significantly to improved agreement of the model-calculated concentrations with the atmospheric measurements. The sensitivity analysis of prior flux errors and effects of locally exhaled ²²²Rn showed that the estimated fluxes in Northern and Central China, Korea, Japan, and the southern part of Eastern Siberia were robust, but that in Central Asia had a large uncertainty.     

乳状液膜法处理煤制兰炭废水

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜法处理兰炭废水。实验结果表明:当TBP体积分数为4%、表面活性剂质量分数为4%、内水相NaOH质量分数为12%、油内比(乳状液的油相与内水相的体积比)为3∶2、乳水比为1∶5、萃取时间为15min时,废水中的酚类(以苯酚计)去除率达到85%以上,COD去除率达83%以上。     

淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土复合物制备及其吸附废水中NH_4~＋-N性能

采用反相乳液聚合法以凹凸棒土为原料,合成了新型NH4＋-N吸附剂淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土,并进行了氨氮吸附对比实验。结果表明：凹凸棒土氨氮单位吸附量为4.243 mg/g;淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土氨氮单位吸附量为5.301 mg/g,吸附能力比未改性的凹凸棒土提高了25%。淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土的氨氮吸附过程比凹凸棒土更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。随着pH、温度的升高,凹凸棒土和淀粉-g-丙烯酸/凹凸棒土对NH4＋-N吸附量逐渐增大。     

Leaching,mobility and persistence of tebufenozide in columns packed with forest litter and soil

Abstract

Leaching, downward mobility and persistence of tebufenozide was investigated under laboratory conditions in columns packed with forest litter and soil, after fortification with the analytical grade material (purity > 99.6%) and with two commercial formulations, RH‐5992 2F (aqueous flowable) and RH‐5992 ES (emulsion suspension). Two types of litter and soil were used: one type with relatively high amounts of sand and the other with high amounts of clay.

The concentrations eluted in the leachates were lower when the analytical material (dissolved in acetone) was used for fortification, than when the two formulations (diluted with water) were used. The amount leached was higher for RH‐5992 2F than for RH‐5992 ES. The type of substrate, i.e., sandy or clay type, had only marginal influence on the amounts eluted in the leachates. Downward movement of tebufenozide from the top 2‐cm layer to the untreated middle and bottom layers (3‐cm segments) was consistently lower when the analytical material was used for fortification, than when the two formulations were used. Downward movement was higher for RH‐5992 2F than for RH‐5992 ES. Persistence of tebufenozide in substrates, maintained under submerged conditions for 70 days after leaching, indicated an initial 2‐week lag period prior to the onset of degradation. Formulation‐related differences were observed in the half‐life (DT₅₀) values. When the analytical material was used for fortification, the DT₅₀ ranged from ca 54 to 59 d. However, when the formulations were used for fortification, the DT₅₀ showed a higher range, i.e., from ca 62 to 67 d for RH‐5992 2F and ca 70 to 80 d for RH‐5992 ES. Formulation ingredients appear to have caused enhanced adsorption of tebufenozide onto the substrates, thus delaying degradation.     

GEOLOGIC INFERENCE FROM “FLOW NET” TRANSMISSIVITY DETERMINATION: THREE CASE STUDIES1

A graphical inverse method for determining the regional transmissivity distribution was applied to three field problems. The study areas were the Hanford Site, Washington; the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado; and the Nevada Test Site, Nevada. This method can aid in flow system conceptualization by revealing the location of bedrock controls for groundwater flow. It is a valuable tool for aiding the hydrogeologist in asking questions about the nature of trends in the pattern of transmissivity values. Quantitative estimates of regional transmissivities can be used as starting points for further parameter refinement. Sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation shows that quantitative estimates of transmissivity can be obtained when measurement error in the hydraulic head does not cause a large error in the hydraulic gradient.     

IDENTIFICATION OF AQUIFER DISPERSIVITIES: METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for estimating aquifer dispersivities in solute transport models. Sensitivity equations are derived for the calculation of sensitivity coefficients. A modified Gauss-Newton algorithm is used to perform the least-squares minimization. A statistical procedure is outlined to assess reliability of the estimated parameters. The solute transport model is solved by the upstream weighted, multiple cell balance method which combines the concepts of local mass balance and finite element approximations. A one-dimensional solute transport problem in a vertical column system is first used to illustrate the inverse technique. A second example considers the parameter identification problem for three-dimensional solute transport with a unidirectional steady and uniform flow field. The third example solves the parameter identification problem in a three-dimensional, stream-aquifer, solute transport system with steady state flow. Numerical experiments are conducted to study data requirements for parameter identification.