石化装置火灾爆炸贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析

复杂的石油化工装置在运转过程中存在诸多不确定因素,易发生火灾、爆炸等重大事故,给安全生产带来极大威胁。考虑到传统的系统安全分析方法在风险评估中存在一定局限性,引入贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析模型。应用GeNIe软件将系统故障树转成贝叶斯网络,根据贝叶斯双向推理进行故障预测和诊断,快速识别系统薄弱环节并确定为风险贝叶斯故障节点,结合防护层分析提出相应的独立防护层,确定剩余风险水平。实例应用表明,所构建的贝叶斯网络与防护层集成分析模型对复杂系统进行风险评估是可行的,较传统的事件树、故障树分析方法更加科学、合理。     

孔径分布和溶液浓度对碳气凝胶电极电吸附除盐性能的影响分析

在不同进水浓度下,采用两种比表面积相似但是孔径分布不同的碳气凝胶作为电极进行了一系列电吸附除盐平衡试验.结果表明,随着溶液浓度的变化,不同的孔径分布对碳气凝胶除盐效果影响不一样.其机理为双电层的存在,使得碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层相互叠加;同时,根据德拜定律,碳气凝胶空隙内的双电层扩散层在不同浓度溶液中厚度不同,从而使得双电层扩散层相互叠加的情况也随浓度变化而变化.这两种作用共同导致了实验结果.当溶液浓度为 0.01 mol·L-1时,选择主要孔径不小于20hm的碳气凝胶电极;当溶液浓度为 0.1 mol·L-1时,应选用主要孔径不小于 10nm 的材料;当溶液浓度为几 mol·L-1时.则分散层几乎消失,孔径大小对电吸附性能影响几乎不考虑.     

黑龙江省大气边界层不同高度风速变化

利用黑龙江省1961—2010 年哈尔滨、嫩江、齐齐哈尔、伊春4 个气象站探空和地面风速资料,分析了边界层内不同高度风速的气候学特征和时间变化趋势,获得以下结论:①黑龙江省边界层内不同高度年平均风速随高度增加而增大,10 m到300 m风速垂直递增率最大;风速在年内具有明显的季节性特征,各高度都是春季最大,近地面层冬季风速最小,其余高度夏季风速最小。②1961—2010 年,近地面10 m高度平均风速1970 年代最大,其后各年代风速逐渐减小,2000 年代风速最小;300、600、900 m高度,平均风速1980 年代最大,从1980 年代到2000 年代逐渐减小,300 m高度平均风速最小出现在1960 年代,600 m和900m最小出现在1970 年代。③1961—2010 年,近地面10 m高度平均风速呈明显减弱趋势,递减率为0.162 m/(s·10 a),递减趋势主要发生在1970 年代以后,但300、600 和900 m高度平均风速变化均不显著。④黑龙江省近地面风速变化趋势可能主要与观测环境改变和城市化等非自然因素影响有关,上层的风速变化则主要受大尺度大气环流变化的影响。     

Simulation of Ekman Boundary Layers by Large Eddy Model with Dynamic Mixed Subfilter Closure

Theoretical analysis of boundary layer turbulence has suggested a feasibility of sufficiently accurate turbulence resolving simulations at relatively coarse meshes. However, large eddy simulation (LES) codes, which employ traditional eddy-viscosity turbulence closures, fail to provide adequate turbulence statistics at coarse meshes especially within a surface layer. Manual tuning of parameters in these turbulence closures may correct low order turbulence statistics but severely harms spectra of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). For more than decade, engineering LES codes successfully employ dynamic turbulence closures. A dynamic Smagorinsky turbulence closure (DSM) has been already tried in environmental LES. The DSM is able to provide adequate turbulence statistics at coarse meshes but it is not completely consistent with the LES equations. This paper investigates applicability of an advanced dynamic mixed turbulence closure (DMM) to simulations of Ekman boundary layers of high Reynolds number flows. The DMM differs from the DSM by explicit calculation of the Leonard term in the turbulence stress tensor. The Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program has revealed that the Leonard term is indeed an important component of the real turbulence stress tensor. This paper presents validation of a new LES code LESNIC. The study shows that the LES code with the DMM provides rather accurate low order turbulence statistics and the TKE spectra at very coarse meshes. These coarse LES maintain more energetic small scale fluctuations of velocity especially within the surface layer. This is critically important for success of simulations. Accurate representation of higher order turbulence statistics, however, requires essentially better LES resolution. The study also shows that LES of the Ekman boundary layer cannot be directly compared with conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers. The depth of the boundary layer is an important scaling parameter for turbulence statistics.     

Subgrid-Scale Modeling of Reacting Scalar Fluxes in Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Boundary Layers

In large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, the lumped coefficient in the eddy-diffusion subgrid-scale (SGS) model is known to depend on scale for the case of inert scalars. This scale dependence is predominant near the surface. In this paper, a scale-dependent dynamic SGS model for the turbulent transport of reacting scalars is implemented in large-eddy simulations of a neutral boundary layer. Since the model coefficient is computed dynamically from the dynamics of the resolved scales, the simulations are free from any parameter tuning. A set of chemical cases representative of various turbulent reacting flow regimes is examined. The reactants are involved in a first-order reaction and are injected in the atmospheric boundary layer with a constant and uniform surface flux. Emphasis is placed on studying the combined effects of resolution and chemical regime on the performance of the SGS model. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of the coefficients as function of resolution, position in the flow and chemical regime, leading to resolution-independent turbulent reactant fluxes.     

用压实法防止煤矸石山自燃

本文分析了阳泉矿务局煤矸石山自燃的原因及几种灭火方法的适应性，介绍了碾压复盖法灭火技术在二矿矸石山取得成功的实例及分层压实法排矸工艺在五矿矸石山成功实施的实例，并认为煤矸石的资源化更为重要，更有前景。     

双室双层浮动床除盐工艺的应用

本文主要介绍双室以浮档除盐工艺应用于我厂除盐水站改造工程的设计及运行经验，说明了强、弱型树脂联合除盐工艺和双室双层浮动床的技术经济优越性，并且在实践中检验了双室双层浮动床的体内清洗技术和除盐装置的程序控制系统。     

Maximum ground level concentration for Gaussian plume formula using standard and Briggs methods

This work aims to determine the maximum concentration and downwind distance at the earth's surface in two methods Briggs and standard for two conditions are slightly unstable and neutral by using the Gaussian equation at different effective heights and wind seeped at (8.9, 8.5 and 8 m/s) under lateral and vertical dispersion coefficient measurement.     

过程工业计算机辅助安全防护层分析技术进展

介绍当前过程工业安全防护层分析(LOPA)的基本内容,研讨LOPA方法与深层次的危险和可操作性分析方法(HAZOP)之间的关系以及计算机辅助HAZOP的研究进展。针对人工LOPA方法的缺点,开发了SDG-HAZOP软件平台,为计算机辅助LOPA平台研发创造了先决条件。应用计算机辅助LOPA方法,使防护层的设置具有更好的针对性、合理性和有效性,发挥对事故的预防和预警作用,并具有良好的发展前景。     

煤层群多重开采上保护层防突研究

针对目前煤层群开采所面临的瓦斯灾害问题,基于一般的保护层开采理论,对煤层群中多重保护层开采进行分析研究,并对同组煤层的多重上保护层开采进行现场试验,通过多参数的考察,对保护效果、保护范围和合理参数进行了综合分析,确定所进行的煤层群开采消除突出危险效果显著,完善了保护层开采的基本理论。研究成果对于对类似开采条件的矿井防治煤与瓦斯突出及瓦斯综合治理具有一定参考价值。