Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different forest humus types

The behavior of 20 PAH in the organic layers of a L mull, an Of mull and a mor was assessed by a combined approach of a soil profile study, and the analysis of particle-size separates. Increasing PAH concentrations with depth in the mor profile (L, 866 μg kg⁻³; Of, 2902 μg kg⁻¹; Oh, 10489 ug kg⁻¹) were assigned to selective enrichment during organic matter decomposition. PAH were further highly enriched within the finer separates. For the L horizons, significant positive correlations were established between the enrichment of individual PAH (as observed from the decomposition gradient between the >2-mm fraction and the < 0.05-mm fraction), and the K_OW for each compound. The slope of the regression line, m, described the degree of differentiation between low- and high-molecular PAH during litter decomposition. Since m was greatest in the most biologically active humus type (L mull, 0.33) and smallest in the most inactive (mor, 0.20), microbial breakdown was assumed as the dominating process for this differentiation. The results also indicated that decomposition processes had already taken place in the L horizons, leading to morphological and chemical changes of organic matter, and to an enrichment of high molecular PAH.     

非均质土层中单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的数值分析

运用土动力学和结构动力学原理,基于改进的Winkler地基梁模型,同时考虑桩侧土的弱化效应和地基土层的成层非均质性,采用数理方程方法分别求解土与桩的振动方程,建立了水平荷载作用下单桩侧向简谐动力响应特性分析的计算力学模型和方法,并将所得结果与有限元计算结果进行对比分析,验证了所提出的计算方法的合理性。通过对影响单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的各相关参数进行变动参数分析,总结出了各影响参数对单桩水平简谐动力响应特性的一般影响规律。     

秸秆连续还田配施化肥对稻-油轮作土壤碳库及作物产量的影响

依据田间连续7 a秸秆还田定位试验,探讨秸秆还田配施化肥对巢湖地区农田土壤剖面（0~20、20~50和50~80 cm）的土壤总有机碳（TOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、活性有机碳（LOC）、碳库管理指数（CPMI）和作物产量的影响.试验设置无秸秆还田+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF1）和秸秆还田+80%常规施肥（SF2）这4个处理,分析不同土层土壤总有机碳和组分含量、CPMI和油菜-水稻产量的变化规律.结果表明,以CK为参考,常规施肥和秸秆还田配施化肥均提高了垂直剖面土壤总有机碳和组分的含量,且不同土层土壤总有机碳和组分的含量随土层深度增加而逐渐降低.在0~20 cm土层,与F处理相比,SF1和SF2处理显著提高TOC、DOC、POC和LOC的含量,增幅分别为：14.23%~28.97%、7.86%~27.01%、16.46%~24.24%和5.89%~6.64%（P<0.05）;在20~50 cm土层,SF1较F处理的TOC和LOC的含量显著增加9.43%和8.34%（P<0.05）,SF2较F处理的DOC和POC的含量显著增加17.51%和65.83%（P<0.05）;在50~80 cm土层,各处理间土壤总有机碳和组分的含量均无显著差异.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤碳库管理指数影响显著,SF1较F处理显著提高0~50 cm土层的CPMI,而F处理的CPMI在50~80 cm土层最大,但各处理间均无显著差异.秸秆还田配施化肥对作物产量具有显著提升作用,且SF1处理的产量最高,SF1较F处理的水稻、油菜和周年产量分别显著增加6.19%、7.67%和6.54%（P<0.05）.总的来说,稻-油轮作模式下秸秆还田配施化肥对提高巢湖地区土壤碳库、土壤肥力和作物产量具有重要意义.     

黄河流域秦岭主要林分凋落物的水文生态功能

用水量平衡场和收获法研究了秦岭松栎林带主要林型凋落物在生态系统水分循环和营养循环中的功能。26龄锐齿栎林、24龄油松林和24龄华山松林凋落物现存量平均值为17.475t/hm₂,排序为华山松林>油松林>锐齿栎林。3种林分年凋落物平均值为4.179t/hm₂,前者是后二者的1.4倍,但凋落物现存量不及后二者一半。生长季节,3种林分凋落物层蓄留量平均值为44.81mm,占同期大气降水量的4.47%,阔叶林较针叶林高。地面蒸发量及其蒸发率为:无林裸地>阔叶林地>针叶林地,无凋落物覆盖>凋落物覆盖;针叶林地表蒸发季节变化相对稳定,阔叶树的变化较大。3种林分凋落物N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量平均值分别为1.08%、0.07%、0.37%、1.37%和0.21%,锐齿栎林较大,油松林和华山松林则差异不大。凋落物主要营养元素积累量平均值为502.5kg/hm₂,排序为:油松林>华山松林>锐齿栎林。锐齿栎林、油松林和华山松林5种营养元素年吸收量、归还量分别为334.4kg/hm₂和147.2kg/hm₂,195.5kg/hm₂和66.9kg/hm₂及138.8kg/hm₂和80.4kg/hm₂,不同林分营养元素的年吸收量和归还量也存在一定差异。锐齿栎林不仅对林地营养元素要求较高,而且循环较快。     

HAZOP、LOPA和SIL方法的应用分析

通过概括介绍危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)和安全完整性等级分析(SIL)三种方法的特点,总结三种分析方法之间的关系.LOPA分析是HAZOP分析的继续,可以解决HAZOP分析中残余风险不能定量化的不足,是对HAZOP分析结果的丰富和补充;SIL分析则在LOPA分析的基础上,进一步对需要增加的安全仪表系统(SIS)进行设计,并对LOPA分析结果进行验证,即HAZOP、LOPA分析是SIL分析的前期准备工作.因此,在详细介绍SIS的组成、安全生命周期阶段、SIL的选择确定方法以及SIL分析流程之前,也简要介绍了HAZOP、LOPA分析方法,梳理了两种方法的分析流程.最后通过引入示例来展示三种分析方法之间的关系.     

煤矿开采地表沉陷盆地边界的再认识

为了研究厚松散层条件下煤矿开采沉陷盆地边界的界定及其影响因素,基于现场实测资料和误差传播定律,建立了厚含水松散层条件下地表沉陷监测点点位中误差函数模型;以辛置煤矿五采区为工程背景,采用UDEC离散元数值分析方法,揭示了采动程度与边界角之间的协同作用关系。研究结果表明:不同国家对沉陷盆地边界的界定并不统一,厚含水松散层条件下,沉陷盆地边缘15 mm的水平移动点可作为沉陷盆地的边界,对于特级保护对象,建议以2 mm下沉点作为沉陷盆地的边界。随着采动程度的增加,沉陷盆地上、下山边界角呈现先缓慢减小再逐渐增加的趋势,二者服从Lorentz函数模型,相关度分别为0.88和0.99,该函数模型能够表达研究区域采动程度与边界角之间的内在联系。     

Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

颗粒层中非水相液体污染物冲洗排出速度的数值模拟简

在进行污染土壤的冲洗修复时,模型模拟是极具优势的预测净化效果的方法。本研究分别采用5种粒径的球形玻璃微珠模拟实际土壤,实验考察了玻璃微珠颗粒层中水和非水相液体的排出速度,给出了颗粒层中液含率分布函数,以及最大和最小颗粒层孔隙直径的定义,建立了一个描述颗粒层中水和非水相液体排出速度的多孔介质孔隙毛细管束模型。使用构建的模型模拟水和异辛烷在颗粒层中的排出速度,模拟结果与实验数据有很好的一致性,模型预测结果的平均相对误差小于6.4%,特别是对粒径较小颗粒层,预测的准确性更高。模型可作为进一步研究在非水相液体饱和土壤水冲洗修复时,水和非水相液体排出速度和修复效果的基础。     

Influence of Inversion Layers on the Distribution of Air Pollutants in Urban Areas

The air quality in urban areas is on the one hand determined by the intensity of emissions. On the other hand atmospheric dispersion and chemical transformation conditions as well as topographic location have great influence on the ambient air concentrations. Within, this study the correlation between pollutant concentrations and the dynamics of atmospheric barrier and mixing layers has been experimentally investigated by tethered balloon soundings.The most important barrier layer is the surface inversion. During clear sky it develops in the late afternoon and is dissolved by warm air from the heated ground in the morning. Emitted pollutants are kept beneath this inversion. But, at the same time, the component ozone is depleted below and stored above the layer within the so called `ozone reservoir layer'. During night elevated mountain sites are decoupled from the ground conditions and stay within this reservoir without a remarkable nocturnal decrease of ozone concentration. The regularly observed ground level ozone increase in the morning hours is firstly caused by down mixing from the reservoir. The conditions and dynamics are illustratively depicted by vertical profiles of the different components and diagrams of temperature and concentration isopleths over the height and the experiment time lasting over five days.     

用于固体废弃物填埋场中的两种复合防渗系统的比较

土工膜 (GM) +压实性粘土 (CCL)的复合防渗层在固体废物填埋场的防渗系统中已较为常用 ,它的防渗效果比单独的GM或CCL要好得多 ;但是 ,这种复合防渗层也存在着一些缺陷。GM +GCL是一种革新的复合防渗系统 ,其中的GCL是对CCL一种有效的替代。本文从一般情况下透过复合防渗层的渗漏量、GM与GCL或CCL的接触情况、冻融和不均匀沉降的影响 ,施工简易程度、节约成本六个方面对 2种复合防渗层作了较为全面的比较。并结合工程实例 ,对 2种复合防渗层用于填埋场封顶系统的情况作了具体的比较。