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Carolyn Hunsaker Robin Graham Robert S. Turner Paul L. Ringold George R. Holdren Jr. Timothy C. Strickland 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):335-341
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, with support from the US Department of Energy and the National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration, has been evaluating the feasibility of an effects-based (critical loads) approach to atmospheric
pollutant regulation and abatement. The rationale used to develop three of the six steps in a flexible assessment framework
(Strickland and others, 1992) is presented along with a discussion of a variety of implementation approaches and their ramifications.
The rationale proposes that it is necessary to provide an explicit statement of the condition of the resource that is considered
valuable (assessment end point) because: (1) individual ecosystem components may be more or less sensitive to deposition,
(2) it is necessary to select indicators of ecosystem condition that can be objectively measured and that reflect changes
in the quality of the assessment end point, and (3) acceptable status (i.e., value of indicator and quality of assessment
end point at critical load) must be defined. The rationale also stresses the importance of defining the assessment regions
and subregions to improve the analysis and understanding of the indicator response to deposition. Subregional definition can
be based on a variety of criteria, including informed judgment or quantitative procedures. It also depends on the geographic
scale at which exposure and effects models are accurate and on data availability, resolution, and quality.
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the US Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3903. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
114.
惠州市惠城区水口镇原隶属于惠阳市,2003年惠城区行政区划进行了战略性调整,惠阳撤市设区,水口镇划归惠城区管辖, 这样水口镇现执行的基准地价标准(原惠阳标准)需要更新.目前基准地价的评估方法有很多种,通过建立样点地价与土地定级网格单元总分值关系模型,运用回归分析来测算水口镇商业用地基准地价. 相似文献
115.
Michel C. Boufadel 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(1):167-177
ABSTRACT: Unit hydrograph ordinates are often estimated by deconvoluting excess rainfall pulses and corresponding direct runoff. The resulting ordinates are given at discrete times spaced evenly at intervals equal to the duration of the rainfall pulse. If the new duration is not a multiple of the parent duration, hydrograph interpolation is required. Linear interpolation, piece-wise nonlinear interpolation and graphical smoothing have been used. These interpolation schemes are expedient but they lack theoretical basis and can lead to undesirable results. Interpolation can be avoided if the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) for the watershed is known. Here two issues connected with the classic Nash IUH are examined: (1) how should the Nash parameters be estimated? and (2) under what conditions is the resulting hydrograph able to reasonably represent watershed response? In the first case, nonlinear constrained optimization provides better estimates of the IUH parameters than does the method of moments. In the second case, the Nash IUH gives good results on watersheds with mild shape unit hydrographs, but performs poorly on watersheds having sharply peaked unit hydrographs. Overall, in comparison to empirical interpolation alternatives, the Nash IUH offers a theoretically sound and practical approach to estimate unit hydrographs for a wide variety of watersheds. 相似文献
116.
本文论述了奶牛基地发展与红黄壤资源开发利用之间的内在联系。在分析奶牛基地农业资源利用现状基础上,运用灰色系统理论和多元统计的系统聚类分析方法,对影响奶牛基地发展的因素及区域发展对策作了定量分析,并预测奶牛基地发展趋势,提出奶牛生产不同区域的红黄壤资源开发利用的重点,这为合理开发利用红黄壤资源种草养奶牛提供理论和实际参考依据。 相似文献
117.
采用普遍调查问卷和调研组实地个别调研的方式对中央企业安全生产管理现状进行了调研,分析了中央企业在安全管理机构和人员、安全教育培训、应急救援工作、重大危险源和重大隐患管理等安全管理工作方面存在问题,并针对这些问题提出了改善中央企业安全生产管理工作的建议措施,以期提高中央企业安全管理工作水平. 相似文献
118.
循环经济的理念就是经济发展与环境保护“双赢”的理论.以新疆为例阐述了发展循环经济与环境保护的关系,认为发展循环经济是新疆环境保护的重要途径,提出了新疆发展循环经济的建议. 相似文献
119.
Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe(Ⅱ) affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn(Ⅱ) affected the ozonation by "active sites" mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained. 相似文献
120.
A water quality monitoring network design methodology for the selection of critical sampling points: Part II 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Strobl RO Robillard PD Day RL Shannon RD McDonnell AJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,122(1-3):319-334
In order to resolve the spatial component of the design of a water quality monitoring network, a methodology has been developed to identify the critical sampling locations within a watershed. This methodology, called Critical Sampling Points (CSP), focuses on the contaminant total phosphorus (TP), and is applicable to small, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. The CSP methodology was translated into a model, called Water Quality Monitoring Station Analysis (WQMSA). It incorporates a geographic information system (GIS) for spatial analysis and data manipulation purposes, a hydrologic/water quality simulation model for estimating TP loads, and an artificial intelligence technology for improved input data representation. The model input data include a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors. The model also includes an economic and logistics component. The validity of the CSP methodology was tested on a small experimental Pennsylvanian watershed, for which TP data from a number of single storm events were available for various sampling points within the watershed. A comparison of the ratios of observed to predicted TP loads between sampling points revealed that the model's results were promising. 相似文献