污泥堆肥施用对土壤及地下水影响研究

为探究北京市污泥堆肥产品施用对土壤和地下水的影响,采用原状土柱模拟降雨试验方法,研究了在污泥堆肥产品年施用量为3、6、12kg/m²的条件下,Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg 8种重金属元素的迁移和淋溶特征.结果表明,Cd淋溶后残留最少（6.1%~11.9%）,进入淋溶水最多（4.5%~7.3%）;Hg淋溶残留最多（16.0%~22.1%）,进入淋溶水最少（<0.1%）.Hg、Pb、Ni、Cd、Cu在0~20cm土壤层积累最多（52.0%~78.7%）;Cr、Zn、As则在20~40cm层积累最多（42.7%~53.2%）.8种元素在土壤中的含量均符合《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB 15618-2018）限值.淋溶水中测得的6种重金属浓度由大至小依次为Zn > As > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr,受堆肥施用量及降雨量共同影响.淋溶水中Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn、Pb 5种元素的浓度始终在《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）Ⅰ类水质范围内,Cd、As、Hg在Ⅲ类范围内.     

混合嗜酸菌浸出污泥中重金属机制判定方法

为判断混合菌种的生物沥浸机制,采用添加沥浸混合菌种+作用底物（硫酸亚铁铵、硫粉）、只添加作用底物和仅加硫酸3组实验,估算直接氧化作用（F₁₁）,化学氧化作用（F₁₂）和酸性浸出作用（F₁₃）的贡献率,从而获得混合菌种的重金属浸出机制.针对某污水处理厂剩余污泥的生物沥滤实验结果表明,Cu的浸出过程中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为92.55%、7.45%、0%,说明混合菌种作用下Cu的浸出机制主要为直接机制;Zn的沥浸作用中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为18.86%、44.35%、36.79%,判定Zn在混合菌种的作用下为间接机制.该法可在实际环境条件下判定重金属的生物沥浸机制,对相关研究和实际应用提供理论依据.     

猪粪溶解性有机物对紫色土中抗生素迁移的影响

以川中丘陵区广泛分布的石灰性紫色土（坡耕地与果园土）为研究对象,通过批量平衡与填装土柱实验研究了猪粪溶解性有机物（DOM）对氟苯尼考（FFC）与诺氟沙星（NOR）在土壤中吸附-解吸和淋溶特性的影响.结果表明：FFC在紫色土中吸附较弱（K_f =0.34L/kg（坡耕地）和0.85L/kg（果园土））且存在解吸负迟滞现象.当它随猪粪DOM（50~200mg C/L）同时进入土壤时,FFC在两种土壤中的吸附都显著增加（P<0.05）,而猪粪DOM（200mg C/L）预先与土壤发生作用的情况对FFC的吸附促进作用则明显减弱,表明两者对土壤吸附点位存在竞争的同时,猪粪DOM主要以共吸附机制促进FFC在土壤中的吸附;NOR吸附性很强（K_f =405.4L/kg（坡耕地）和516.7L/kg（果园土））,猪粪DOM也能促进NOR在坡耕地土壤中的吸附,而对果园土壤的影响不显著.在20mm/h模拟降雨强度下获得的土柱淋溶穿透曲线表明,FFC极易迁移,在坡耕地土柱中与水流示踪剂Br^-几乎同时穿透,其淋溶总量比果园高11.03%~23.39%;NOR未发生穿透,且96.2%~98.6%残留集中分布在0~3cm表层土壤中.与批量平衡实验结果一致,猪粪DOM使FFC穿透时间延迟0.07~0.13孔隙体积,土柱中残留量增加15.21%~25.96%,而对NOR的淋溶没有影响.FTIR与三维荧光光谱分析表明,猪粪DOM主要由酪氨酸和色氨酸组成,在水相中易与FFC形成复合物.综上,对于弱疏水型抗生素,粪源DOM可通过共吸附机制增加抗生素在土壤中的持留,从而减少其淋溶迁移,而对于强吸附性疏水型抗生素则影响不显著.     

起爆药污染场地土壤中锑的环境风险评估

为研究起爆药污染场地土壤中Sb（锑）的环境风险,利用微波消解原子荧光光度法、Tessier逐级提取法、TCLP（toxicity characteristic leaching procedure）毒性浸出法及SBET（simplied bioaccessibility extraction test）方法,分析了某起爆药场地表层土壤中Sb的价态、形态、浸出水平和生物可给性及其对人体健康风险水平和地下水环境风险水平的影响.结果表明:①土壤中w（TSb）为26.7~4 255.0 mg/kg,是GB 36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中第一类用地筛选值的1.33~212.75倍,最大值超过相应管制值的10.82倍.土壤样品中Sb主要以Sb5+存在,w（Sb5+）在w（TSb）中的占比达65.57%~95.46%.②土壤中不同形态Sb的比例由高到低依次为残渣态（38.05%~94.22%）、铁锰氧化物结合态（0.01%~31.80%）、有机结合态（0.32%~21.55%）、碳酸盐结合态（0.01%~11.16%）和可交换态（0.42%~3.70%）.土壤中w（可交换态Sb）与CEC（阳离子交换量）呈负相关,w（铁锰氧化物结合态Sb）与w（Fe）、w（Mn）均呈正相关.③土壤中Sb的浸出浓度为0.22~35.49 μg/L,并随土壤中w（砂粒）、w（TSb）、w（碳酸盐结合态Sb）和w（可交换态Sb）的增大而升高,随CEC的增大而降低.④土壤中Sb的生物可给性范围在8.03%~67.69%之间,w（Fe）和w（OM）的增加能够降低Sb的生物可给性.⑤基于Sb生物可给性健康风险水平和基于Sb价态健康风险水平的结果分别是以w（TSb）为暴露浓度计算的传统风险评估模型预测结果的8.00%~67.69%和62.00%~77.01%,土壤中Sb的实际浸出浓度较常规模型（三相平衡耦合地下水稀释模型）预测值低3~5个数量级.研究显示,充分考虑Sb在起爆药污染场地土壤中的赋存特征能够降低常规风险评估方法的保守性.      

长江经济带氮淋溶流失空间格局及其水环境影响评估

氮淋溶流失是地表和地下水环境退化的重要驱动过程.由于氮素迁移转化过程复杂,量化氮淋溶流失及其水环境影响是区域营养盐管理的重点和难点.本研究从天然和人为输入角度构建了陆域氮淋溶流失模型,核算了2011—2015年长江经济带地级市单元的氮淋溶流失量,并基于灰水足迹和水资源量评估了氮淋溶流失的水环境影响.结果表明:①长江经济带的氮年均输入强度为8465 kg·km~(-2),以人为输入源为主,占总氮输入的89.9%;②研究区总氮输入的19.4%被淋溶流失到水环境中,平均淋溶流失强度为1656 kg·km~(-2);非点源是长江经济带的最大来源,淋溶流失系数平均值为0.143;③基于实测氮通量的反演结果与氮淋溶流失核算量存在显著的线性相关关系,表明基于氮输入核算的氮流失量能够反映氮淋溶流失空间分布规律;④长江经济带的氮淋溶流失导致的灰水足迹已经超过地区水资源总量,地级市单元的氮污染指数最高达到29.2,氮的水环境超载问题十分严重.     

危险废物焚烧飞灰玻璃化产物危险特性

《国家危险废物名录》中HW18焚烧处置残渣明确规定,"危险废物等离子体、高温熔融等处置过程产生的非玻璃态物质和飞灰"判定为危险废物.为降低危险废物焚烧飞灰的生态环境危害,并期望对其进行更好的资源化利用,采用国际前沿的玻璃化技术对危险废物焚烧飞灰进行处置,制备得到玻璃态物质,即玻璃体.结果表明:①焚烧飞灰掺杂不同比例的高岭土、SiO₂、CaO后,可形成符合玻璃体烧制条件的CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统,经过2 h 1 400℃高温熔融,几种不同配料比的玻璃体均可形成无定型的、微观表面平滑的结构.②玻璃体对Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd和As等重金属均有不同程度的固化作用,采用HJ/T 300-2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法》测得的重金属浸出浓度均低于焚烧飞灰.③采用Hakanson公式中潜在生态危害模型对焚烧飞灰及玻璃体进行风险评价显示,几种玻璃体的RI（潜在生态危害风险指数）均在50~100范围内,呈中等风险,低于焚烧飞灰（299.34）.④效果最优的玻璃体的碱度（CaO/SiO₂,质量分数）为0.3,呈现浅绿色且质地透明的外观形貌,它对Zn、Cr的浸出浓度分别为0.12、0.05 mg/L,但均未检出Pb、Cd、As,远低于焚烧飞灰浸出浓度及GB 16889-2008《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》中生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和医疗废物焚烧残渣浸出限值（Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、As浸出浓度限值依次为100、4.5、0.25、0.15、0.3 mg/L）,该玻璃体的RI为60.05,远低于焚烧飞灰的299.34.研究显示,采用玻璃化技术对焚烧飞灰进行处置后,焚烧飞灰可形成无定型的玻璃态结构,碱度为0.3时,玻璃体的重金属浸出浓度最低,且潜在生态风险最低,为最适用于焚烧飞灰玻璃化技术的调控比例.      

PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE IN GROUNDWATER IN TULARE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methodswere used to identify the major factors affecting pesticideleaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in TulareCounty, California. Residues of bromacil, diuron, and simazineincreased in groundwater during the 1980s. Bromacil, diuron,and simazine contamination were positively correlated to cropdiversity and water demand. Diuron and simazine were positively correlated to groundwater depth and negatively correlatedto soil water-holding capacity. DBCP concentration in groundwater was related to the crop coverage. The Goss model wasused to examine soil-pesticide interactions and a PesticideContamination Index (PCI) was developed. Areas having highleaching potentials were mainly associated with citrus andorchards and coarse-textured sandy soils along the SierraNevada foothills, while areas having low leaching potentialswere associated with field crops and clay soils of the southwest region. The PCI was largest for DBCP during the 1980s,suggesting that it was the most significant contaminant before1977 when it was widely used; however, wells were not testedfor this pesticide during that period. Twelve years after DBCPwas banned, it was still the most significant health riskcontaminant. Spatial maps showing the distribution of leachingpotentials and soil interactions for these pesticides canprovide useful information to regulatory and planning agenciesfor land use planning and pesticide management.     

Impact of Post-Methanation Distillery Effluent Irrigation on Groundwater Quality

Molasses-based distilleries generate large quantities of effluent, which is used for irrigation in many countries including India. The effluent is rich in organic and inorganic ions, which may leach down and pollute the groundwater. An on-farm experiment was conducted to assess the impact of long-term irrigation with post-methanation distillery effluent (PMDE) on nitrate, sulphate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium contents in the groundwater of two sites in northwest India. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and colour were also determined to assess the chemical load in the groundwater. Nitrate content in the groundwater samples ranged from 16.95 mg L⁻¹ in the unamended fields to 59.81 mg L⁻¹ in the PMDE-amended fields during the 2-year study (2001–2002). Concentrations of TDS in water samples from tubewell of the amended field was higher by 40.4% over the tubewell water of the unamended field. Colour of the water samples of the amended fields was also darker than that of the unamended fields. The study indicated that the organic and inorganic ions added through the effluent could pose a serious threat to the groundwater quality if applied without proper monitoring.     

Evaluation of Lead Availability in Amended Soils Monitored Over a Long-Term Time Period

Two different soil amendment processes were evaluated for reducing lead availability from a contaminated soil at a demonstration study site, to reduce potential public health and environmental concerns. A limited variety of in vitro laboratory “availability” tests (relative bioaccessible and environmental mobility) were performed to determine if the available lead in the contaminated soil would be less available after in situ soil amendment (chemical treatment). The relative bioaccessibility results were evaluated in both a short-term period (within 24 h after treatment) and over a long-term time period (quarterly basis for 5 years). Reduction in relative bioaccessibility was noted for one of the treatments immediately after treatment; however, both treatments indicated a significant upward trend in bioaccessibility values over a 5-year time period after treatment. The comparison between the treated units and the control units indicated that the long-term effectiveness of the treatment processes could not be demonstrated.     

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰制备微晶玻璃的研究

利用上海御桥垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰为主要原料,通过添加SiO2、Al2O3、NaOH组分在实验室研制成功了以硅灰石(wollastonite)为主晶相的微晶玻璃.该体系微晶玻璃制备的最佳工艺条件为:熔融温度1500℃、熔融时间1 h,核化温度为920℃,核化时间1.5 h,晶化温度为1150～1180℃,晶化时间为2 h.研究结果表明,硅灰石为主晶相的微晶玻璃对Pb、Cr和Cd重金属具有很强的稳定束缚能力.