水源水中典型化学品突发污染的应急处理

针对被典型化学品双酚A(BPA)与邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)污染原水的应急处理工艺进行了研究.结果表明,活性炭吸附可有效去除双酚A和DEP.拟二级动力学模型和Elovich模型较好地描述粉末活性炭对原水中BPA和DEP的吸附过程.中试条件下,50 mg/L的粉末活性炭可分别将原水中浓度约为500 μg/L的双酚A和3.3 mg/L的DEP处理达标.炭砂滤柱对2种化学品的动态吸附表明,BPA和DEP的去除率受它们初始浓度的影响较小,在滤速为5.1～15.3 m/h的范围内BPA和DEP的去除率基本不受滤速的影响.当同时采用粉末活性炭和炭砂滤柱工艺时, PAC的吸附过程是去除污染的主要阶段,炭砂滤柱可以作为粉末活性炭的有效补充保证一定的安全系数.KMnO₄和Cl₂均不能氧化DEP,3 mg/L的KMnO₄和1.5 mg/L的Cl₂可几乎完全氧化水中浓度为850　μg/L的BPA,BPA的氯化产物和KMnO₄的氧化产物及其毒性有待于进一步研究.　1.5 mg/L高锰酸钾和PAC联用对去除DEP无协同作用,对去除BPA有促进作用.     

碳源类型对A~2O系统脱氮除磷的影响

采用52.5 L的A2O反应器,以乙酸和丙酸分别作为进水唯一碳源,系统研究了进水碳源类型对脱氮除磷和代谢过程的影响.结果表明,在进水COD为250 mg/L左右,NH+4-N为52 mg/L左右的条件下,原水碳源类型对TN的去除影响不大,系统TN去除率均在65%左右.进水碳源类型对TP的去除及相应污泥中PHA的类型、含量和代谢及糖原的变化影响较大.乙酸为唯一碳源时,厌氧区放磷浓度较高,污泥中PHA的成分主要为PHB和PHV,两者在厌氧区的合成量差别不大,PHB在随后的反应过程中变化较大,对除磷代谢过程起主要作用,而PHV的变化较小.丙酸作为进水唯一碳源时,厌氧区的放磷浓度偏低,主要合成PHV,几乎不含PHB,PHV在随后吸磷过程中浓度变化较大,对除磷代谢起主要作用,而且出水TP浓度偏低.碳源类型对污泥中糖原的代谢也有影响,乙酸为碳源时糖原的含量高,变化范围也较大,丙酸为碳源时糖原的变化幅度较小.在同步脱氮除磷系统中,与乙酸相比,丙酸是一种更合适的碳源.     

Corporate occupational exposure limits: An example of a strategy

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) developed by authorities play a key role in the implementation of programs to protect workers against hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, many hazardous substances do not have OELs or the OEL could be outdated. To assure the health of the workers, it is therefore useful for companies to develop corporate OELs. An inhouse strategy will be presented hereafter. Expertise in toxicology, industrial hygiene, and occupational health should be available within the company and clear selection criteria for substances are needed. A corporate OEL is only developed for hazardous substances (e.g., carcinogenic or reprotoxic) with a high potential for worker exposure when an appropriate national OEL or threshold limit value is not available. The methodology to calculate corporate OELs is based on the existing methods for national or community OELs and also on the guidance from the European Union's (EU) regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). For carcinogenic substances with a nonthreshold mode of action, there is always a residual chance that a cancer develops even when the exposure of workers is low. To establish an OEL for these substances, the “German traffic light model” is recommended. It is pragmatic, defines an unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk level when workers are exposed to these substances, and determines risk management for exposure reduction. Overall, the professional practice to develop OELs is a good example of corporate leadership to proactively protect the health of workers.     

上海市街道灰尘中PBDEs的含量水平、来源及组成特性

以上海市为研究区域,对16个监测点的街道灰尘中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量水平、来源和组成特性进行研究。于2013年11月份采集16个街道灰尘样品,对其进行索氏提取和层析净化等前处理后采用GC-MS对12种待测PBDEs目标化合物进行定量定性检测分析。结果表明:12种PBDEs化合物全部被检出,16个采集点采集的街道灰尘中PBDEs质量比在12.046~82.835 ng/g,平均质量比为38.428 ng/g,不但高于苏州、无锡、南通等地的街道灰尘样本,而且远高于上海市土壤中PBDEs质量比;通过层次聚类分析得出上海市中心城区的PBDEs污染来源基本相同,主要为含有PBDEs产品在使用过程中PBDEs的释放,各郊区PBDEs污染物来源则各不相同,主要为各郊区工业区生产过程中PBDEs的释放;主要污染物有BED-47和BDE-49;监测点街道灰尘中PBDEs的质量比分布差别较大,各个监测点PBDEs的污染还处于不断变化中。     

Light transmission through intraocular lenses with or without yellow chromophore (blue light filter) and its potential influence on functional vision in everyday environmental conditions

In this research the factors used to evaluate the light transmission through two types of acrylic hydrophobic intraocular lenses, one that contained yellow chromophore that blocks blue light transmission and the other which did not contain that filter, were defined according to various light condition, e.g., daylight and at night. The potential influence of light transmission trough intraocular lenses with or without yellow chromophore on functional vision in everyday environmental conditions was analysed.     

林州-安阳地区地下水三氮分布特征及其影响因素

本文分析了林州-安阳地区地下水的三氮分布特征,探讨了氮污染来源。运用Piper三线图、SPSS20软件,综合分析地下水化学特征,揭示氮循环作用机理。结果表明,研究区西北部主要为HCO_3-Ca-Mg型水,东部平原主要为HCO_3-Ca-Mg型水,其次为HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Mg型、HCO_3-Cl-Ca型和HCO_3-Cl-Mg-Ca型水;氮污染源主要分布于林州市北部、安阳县北部、安阳市的东南部地区,其中农事活动、附近养殖场的畜禽排泄及污水排放是主要来源;地下水中存在着反硝化作用等氮的迁移转化现象,但是氮主要来源于附近的污染源。     

南水北调东线（江苏段）沿线污染物总量达标研究

基于江苏省2010年污染源普查资料和统计年鉴,选取化学需氧量（ COD）和氨氮（ NH4－N）为研究因子,统计南水北调东线江苏段污染物排放量并计算入输水干线污染物量;根据南水北调办治污工程规划,计算污染物削减量;根据2012年江苏省水环境功能区划,核定研究区域限排总量;结果污染物量COD、氨氮削减量分别为33114吨、2935吨,污染源结构中城镇生活源比例从23．34％降到9．10％,工业企业源比例从15．13％降到8．96％,污染源点源呈下降趋势,面源呈增长趋势,污染物入输水干线总量达到2015年限排总量要求。     

Improving biodegradation potential of domestic wastewater by manipulating the size distribution of organic matter

Carbon source is a critical constraint on nutrient removal in domestic wastewater treatment. However, the functions of particulate organic matter (POM) and some organics with high molecular weight (HMW) are overlooked in the conventional process, as they cannot be directly assimilated into cells during microbial metabolism. This further aggravates the problem of carbon source shortage and thus affects the effluent quality. Therefore, to better characterize organic matter (OM) based MW distribution, microfiltration/ultrafiltration/nanofiltration (MF/UF/NF) membranes were used in parallel to fractionate OM, which obtained seven fractions. Hydrolysis acidification (HA) was adopted to manipulate the MW distribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and further explore the correlation between molecular size and biodegradability. Results showed that HA pretreatment of wastewater not only promoted transformation from POM to DOM, but also boosted biodegradability. After 8 hr of HA, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased by 65%, from the initial value of 20.25 to 33.48 mg/L, and the biodegradability index (BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand)/SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand)) increased from 0.52 to 0.74. Using MW distribution analysis and composition optimization, a new understanding on the characteristics of organics in wastewater was obtained, which is of importance to solving low C/N wastewater treatment in engineering practice.     

我国工业源PM_(2.5)源谱的建立方法及行业排放特征分析

介绍了目前我国工业源PM2.5源谱的建立方法及研究现状,通过对国内现有燃煤电厂锅炉、钢铁行业和水泥行业PM2.5源谱数据的汇总和分析,归纳了我国主要工业源PM2.5源谱的特征;从地域、生产工艺、工序、污染物控制措施对PM2.5源谱的影响研究,指出我国目前源谱建立存在的困难和问题,结合我国当前工业生产及环境需求,对我国工业行业建立PM2.5本土源谱提出了意见及建议。     

Climate Sensitivity of Phosphorus Loadings to an Urban Stream

We investigate the sensitivity of phosphorus loading (mass/time) in an urban stream to variations in climate using nondimensional sensitivity, known as elasticity, methods commonly used by economists and hydrologists. Previous analyses have used bivariate elasticity methods to represent the general relationship between nutrient loading and a variable of interest, but such bivariate relations cannot reflect the complex multivariate nonlinear relationships inherent among nutrients, precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. Using fixed‐effect multivariate regression methods, we obtain two phosphorus models (nonparametric and parametric) for an urban stream with high explanatory power that can both estimate phosphorus loads and the elasticity of phosphorus loading to changes in precipitation, temperature, and streamflow. A case study demonstrates total phosphorus loading depends significantly on season, rainfall, combined sewer overflow events, and flow rate, yet the elasticity of total phosphorus to all these factors remains relatively constant throughout the year. The elasticity estimates reported here can be used to examine how nutrient loads may change under future climate conditions.