Nitrogen dynamics of a mountain forest on dolomitic limestone--a scenario-based risk assessment

The dominant nitrogen (N) fluxes were simulated in a mountain forest ecosystem on dolomitic bedrock in the Austrian Alps. Based on an existing small-scale climate model the simulation encompassed the present situation and a 50-yr projection. The investigated scenarios were current climate, current N deposition (SC1) and future climate (+2.5 degrees C and +10% annual precipitation) with three levels of N deposition (SC2, 3, 4). The microbially mediated N transformation, including the emission of nitrogen oxides, was calculated with PnET-N-DNDC. Soil hydrology was calculated with HYDRUS and was used to estimate the leaching of nitrate. The expected change of the forest ecosystem due to changes of the climate and the N availability was simulated with PICUS. The incentive for the project was the fact that forests on dolomitic limestone stock on shallow Rendzic Leptosols that are rich in soil organic matter are considered highly sensitive to the expected environmental changes. The simulation results showed a strong effect due to increased temperatures and to elevated levels of N deposition. The outflux of N, both as nitrate (6-25kg Nha(-1)yr(-1)) and nitrogen oxides (1-2kg Nha(-1)yr(-1)), from the forest ecosystem are expected to increase. Temperature exerts a stronger effect on the N(2)O emission than the increased rate of N deposition. The main part of the N emission will occur as N(2) (15kg Nha(-1)yr(-1)). The total N loss is partially offset by increased rates of N uptake in the biomass due to an increase in forest productivity.     

Laser cleaning of historical limestone buildings in Bordeaux appraisal using cathodoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance

BACKGROUND: Most historical buildings in Bordeaux city are made of limestone. This yellowish-white rock is rather porous and highly sensitive to pollution. As a consequence of local weathering conditions, these buildings present a dark appearance due to the development of a superficial dark grey to black crust. METHODS: For the last decade, a campaign has been underway to clean these buildings. Eleven techniques of surface treatment have been used, including laser beam technology. As a contribution to the study of laser beam effects on stone buildings, two analytical methods have been used on clean versus unclean surfaces: Cathodoluminescence (CL) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), in addition to SEM-EDX and XRD. RESULTS: The black crust is composed of different types of particles: carbon porous micro-particles of industrial origin, atmospheric dust due to the erosion of soils and rocks, alumino-silicate particles from urban pollution; all these particles being cemented by gypsum. DISCUSSION: As far as heritage conservation is concerned, the laser surface treatment not only preserves the original patina of the stone, but also leaves surface smoothness unaltered. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: CL and EPR data confirm that lasers--with highly controlled parameters--only get rid of the black crust and, thus, reveal the underneath layer, the so-called patina. This patina shows no luminescence, whereas the limestone on which it has grown shows a bright orange emission of CL. This indicates CL to be a fast and easy way to provide a high quality control for the restoration of polluted ancient stones.     

石矿开采生态环境影响分析

本文以石灰石矿开发建设为例,在工程分析和环境影响因素识别基础上,构建了生态环境影响评价指标体系,并应用特尔菲法确定了自然和社会各生态因子的权重值,对石矿开发建设对周围生态环境的影响进行了量化分析评价,论证石矿开发建设的可行性。     

钙基湿法烟气脱硫主要参数的影响规律

以综合性能优越的旋流板塔为脱硫塔,研究了钙基湿法烟气脱硫的主要参数对脱硫率的影响规律,这些参数包括吸收剂、浆液pH值、气流量G、液流量L与气流量G同时增减等;由实验结果得出上要参数对脱硫率影响的回归关联式．同时对实验结果进行了分析,本研究为工业装置的设计、操作和运行提供了基础数据     

中国南方喀斯特地区石灰土容重传递函数模型及影响因素研究

土壤容重(BD)数据的缺失严重影响了我国南方喀斯特地区土壤碳储量的估算,亟待利用已有数据来构建容重传递函数模型(PTFs)。本文利用南方喀斯特分布省份的石灰土土壤普查数据,首次较为系统地研究了喀斯特地区石灰土的容重传递函数模型及影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)国内外已发表的容重PTFs对中国南方喀斯特地区非地带性石灰土的适用性较差,需要进行优化或重新建立新的容重函数预测模型;(2)优化后的模型Shiri et al(2017)~*、韩光中等(2016)-a~*和韩光中等(2016)-c~*的预测精度得到明显提高;(3)基于石灰土亚类建立的PTFs具有很高的拟合度和预测精度,比优化模型更加适宜于喀斯特石灰土的土壤容重预测;(4)不同石灰土亚类容重预测的影响因素存在差异,其中土壤有机质含量是石灰土容重预测的关键因素,与各亚类土壤的BD都有很高的相关性;(5)土壤容重传递函数模型的适用性不仅与研究区域有关,同时也与研究的土壤类型有关。建议在今后喀斯特地区土壤容重预测模型研究中充分考虑地域差异性和土壤类型因素。     

中国南方石灰岩荒山开发利用新探

我国南方石灰岩荒山分布范围广阔,目前荒山上的植被和自然环境在人类长期掠夺性农业活动的干预下向逆向演替。对这种生产力十分低下的荒山如何合理利用是一个远未解决的问题。本文在对石灰岩山地环境逆向演替的过程、根源与危害和现有的各种利用方式作出系统分析与评价的基础上,提出了一种在石灰岩荒山发展豆科灌木饲料的新的利用方式。这种新的利用方式将有可能为石灰岩荒山的开发利用开创一条新路,也是南方石灰岩山区一项有深远意义的绿色工程。     

石灰石沟-堆肥湿地系统处理酸性矿山废水的研究

为探讨石灰石沟-潜流堆肥湿地系统处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)的效果及影响因素,进行了6个月模拟试验,测定出水水质和植物生长等相关的影响因素.结果表明,石灰石沟可有效提高AMD的pH值,降低其酸度与重金属含量,但随着石灰石沟中氢氧化物的积累,后期处理性能下降;堆肥湿地可显著降低AMD的酸度与重金属,出水酸度随时间持续降低,出水的Cd、Pb在检测限以下,Zn、Cu平均浓度分别为1.8mg/L, 2.6μg/L,均达到农业灌溉水标准,而无前置堆肥的普通湿地后期Cd、Zn、Cu偏高;东南景天在湿地系统也能正常富积Cd/Zn;狭叶香蒲使堆肥湿地的产碱过程受到抑制,出水酸度升高,但其对堆肥湿地的重金属去除没有产生显著影响.     

脱硫剂微观结构对脱硫性能的影响

采用扫描电镜和压汞仪对3种贝壳和1种石灰石的微观结构及孔径分布进行了测量,采用热重分析方法对各种脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了测试.比较发现,各种贝壳煅烧后的晶粒呈薄片状,晶粒之间孔径均大于0.2μm,比孔容较大;石灰石煅烧后晶粒呈颗粒状,晶粒之间孔径多数在0.01～0.16μm之间,比表面积很大,但比孔容较小.贝壳中直径大于0.2μm的气孔,允许气体扩散至颗粒内部,气孔表面同时参加脱硫反应,且反应过程中不易被反应产物所堵塞,脱硫反应进行较彻底,钙利用率较高.另外,在满足气体扩散的前提下,减小孔径尺寸,增加反应比表面积,将对脱硫反应有利.     

石灰石/石灰湿法烟气脱硫结垢的机理及控制

介绍了石灰石/石灰湿法烟气脱硫的工艺原理, 分析了脱硫系统运行过程中存在的不同结垢类型及其机理,提出了解决结垢的可行方法.对工业设计、施工及管理有一定指导和帮助.     

石灰石与石灰联合处理高浓度含磷废水

探讨了石灰石与石灰投加量配比与反应时间对处理高浓度磷废水效果的影响,并通过激光粒径分析等手段重点考察了出水沉降性能及其与传统石灰法的比较。结果表明：对进水pH为4.5的100 mg/L含磷废水,联合处理石灰石和石灰投加量分别为0.030 0 g和0.070 0 g,石灰石和石灰段反应时间均为10 min时,磷的去除率达99%以上且出水的10 min泥水沉降比比传统石灰法降低25%;除磷产物的体积平均粒径与中值粒径（13.58μm、7.71μm）也明显高于传统石灰法（5.73μm、4.81μm）,沉降性能明显提高;联合处理减少了石灰的用量,一方面保证了药剂成本,另一方面降低了出水pH,减少了约25%的回调用酸。