我国节能灯行业推行清洁生产的问题及措施研究

清洁生产是解决节能灯推广过程中汞污染问题的最佳途径,然而节能灯行业在清洁生产开展过程中存在一系列的问题.通过文献研究和实地调研,对目前节能灯行业推行清洁生产存在的问题进行了分析和总结,并针对这些问题,从国家、社会和企业不同层面提出了相应的建议与措施.     

汞、硒暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究重金属汞及微量元素硒对海洋贝类的毒性效应,揭示汞、硒在生物体内的相互作用机制,用汞和硒对指示生物紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)进行单一及联合亚慢性暴露实验。设置对照组(0μg·L-1)、汞暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2+)、硒暴露组(4μg·L-1Se4+)以及硒汞联合暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2++4μg·L-1Se4+)4个实验组,并分别在暴露期间的第0、2、4和6天定时采集样本,测定紫贻贝鳃SOD、GPx及CAT3种抗氧化酶活性。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析处理后,结果表明:与对照组相比,汞暴露组SOD和GPx均呈现先显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01)后降低(p<0.01或p<0.001)的趋势,CAT则从第4天开始显著降低(p<0.05);硒暴露组中SOD活性始终高于对照组(p<0.001),GPx活性在第2天也显著升高(p<0.001),CAT活性始终与对照组相近;硒汞联合作用与汞暴露组相比,SOD、GPx和CAT活性在不同时间点均有显著升高(p<0.05),而与硒暴露组相比,3种酶活性均低于硒单独暴露的水平。说明汞在短期能够诱导抗氧化酶活性,随着暴露时间的延长,则表现出明显的抑制作用;微量硒能够增强抗氧化酶系统活性,对汞导致的氧化损伤具有拮抗作用。     

低分子量有机酸对三峡水库消落区土壤中汞赋存形态及其活性的影响

为研究植物根系分泌物的主要成分——低分子量有机酸对土壤汞的活化作用,利用室内模拟实验,通过分析不同浓度的柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸溶液对三峡库区消落带土壤中汞赋存形态的影响及其随培养时间的变化特征,探究了低分子量有机酸对汞迁移能力和生物有效性的作用.结果表明,柠檬酸可增强土壤汞的迁移能力,而草酸和酒石酸则表现出软弱的抑制作用.3种低分子量有机酸均能明显地增强土壤中汞的生物有效性,整体活化效果为:柠檬酸酒石酸≈草酸.有机酸对土壤中汞形态的作用随其浓度的增加而增强,且当浓度为15 mmol·L~(-1)(柠檬酸)、10 mmol·L~(-1)(酒石酸和草酸)时开始趋于稳定.在15 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸培养的土壤中,汞形态分布的变化随培养时间的延长而愈加显著,直到14d时才基本停止,此时胃酸溶解态汞增加最为明显,其主要来自于部分被活化的强络合态汞.     

三峡水库消落带植物汞的分布特征

以三峡库区重庆段忠县石宝寨、涪陵珍溪和开县汉丰湖消落带为主要研究地点,调查并采集了植物样品,分析样品总汞和甲基汞,探讨三峡水库消落带植物汞的分布特征及植物汞库存量.结果表明,调查区域消落带植物总汞含量在(1.62±0.57)~(49.42±3.93)μg·kg-1范围,植物各部位总汞的含量呈根叶茎的趋势分布;植物甲基汞含量在(15.27±7.09)~(1 974.67±946.10)ng·kg-1范围,植物根部甲基汞含量高于茎和叶.同类植物中,开县汉丰湖消落带植物总汞和甲基汞含量均较忠县石宝寨、涪陵珍溪镇消落带植物略高;不同高程植物总汞及甲基汞储存量存在差异,145~150、150~160、160~170和170~175 m高程的植物总汞储存量分别为145.3、166.4、124.3和88.2 mg·hm-2,甲基汞储存量分别为1.9、2.7、3.6和3.2 mg·hm-2.消落带优势种植物对总汞的富集能力相对较弱(BAF1),而对甲基汞的富集能力相对较强(BAF1).     

Geobacter sulfurreducens对汞的甲基化及其影响因素研究

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌Geobacter sulfurreducens对汞的甲基化作用及其影响因素.结果表明,G.sulfurreducens在低浓度汞溶液中能够生长,但生长受到一定程度的抑制,主要表现在菌株生长曲线迟缓期的延长.G.sulfurreducens在生长过程中能同时将溶液中无机汞转化为甲基汞,甲基化过程受多种环境因素的制约.在初始HgCl2浓度为1 mg.L-1、温度35℃、pH 6.0、0.9%盐度的厌氧环境条件下,G.sulfurreducens对汞的甲基化率可达38%.适当增加HgCl2初始浓度与盐度能提高甲基汞的转化率,但过高汞浓度和盐度会造成微生物的死亡;温度在4～35℃范围内,温度越高甲基汞转化率越高;弱酸性环境比酸性或中碱性环境更利于汞的甲基化.此外,腐殖酸和半胱氨酸等均影响甲基汞的转化效率,其中腐殖酸对汞甲基化有一定的抑制作用,而半胱氨酸有较强的促进作用.该研究为自然水体生态系统中铁还原菌参与汞甲基化的过程提供了直接证据.     

固相萃取-毛细管气相色谱法测定水中的甲基汞

根据巯基棉在一定酸性条件下能定量吸附甲基汞的原理,利用多通道并联的固相萃取装置,采用气相色谱（ECD）方法测定饮用水中痕量甲基汞,考察了水样pH值对回收率的影响。方法在10．0ug／L～50．0ug／L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为1．0L时,检出限为0．06ng／L,样品平行测定的加标回收率在79．6％-82．8％,相对标准偏差为2．5％。     

典型锌冶炼工艺的汞污染源去向分析及其监控方案研究

通过分析锌冶炼的典型工艺流程,梳理出汞污染在锌冶炼中的来源及去向。根据现有情况提出锌冶炼行业中汞污染的可行性监控方案,提出一定的建议。     

Umbilical cord blood mercury levels in China

Mercury (Hg) is a well-known neurotoxicant. Hg exposure at high levels can harm individuals of all ages. Even low level exposure to Hg can damage the brain of fetuses and young children, and affect their central nervous system and cognitive development. The aims of our study were to measure total Hg levels in infant umbilical cord blood and to investigate the risk factors associated with total Hg cord blood levels in various cities in China. Our goal was to provide clues for the prevention of Hg exposure in utero. The results indicated that the average cord blood mercury levels (CBMLs) were (1.81 ± 1.93) μg/L, which were lower than those found in most previous studies. The concentrations also differed according to geographic region. The CBMLs were not only associated with family economic and living conditions, but also with diet in pregnant women, especially the intake of marine fish, shellfish, poultry, formula milk and fruits.     

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of mercury in sediments of Lake Taihu, China

Spatial distribution patterns of total mercury (THg) in 36 surficial sediment samples representing five regions of Lake Taihu were assessed using the ArcGis geostatistical analyst module. The pollution levels of THg were also evaluated from the same five lake regions. Concentrations of THg were in a ranged of 23-168 ng/g (mean 55 ng/g) in surfical sediments, which was significantly higher than those established baseline levels of the lake. Results of THg indicated that the northern region exhibited notably higher values, the bay regions showed elevated values relative to open areas, and the lakeside regions were higher than those observed in the central area. Lake Taihu suffered moderate to high Hg pollution, and expressed clear Hg enrichment status according to monomial pollution index I geo and human activity factors. The concentrations of THg in the surficial sediments of Lake Taihu showed moderate-strong variation (coefficient of variation 52%). Geostatistical analysis indicated a weak spatial self-correlation, suggesting the contamination of Hg in Lake Taihu is primarily the result of anthropogenic activities.     

Mercury removal using ground and calcined mussel shell

We determined mercury retention on calcined and ground mussel shell, in presence and absence of phosphate, using batch and stirred flow chamber experiments. In batch experiments the calcined shell exhibited higher Hg adsorption, with good fitting to Freundlich equation （R^2： 0.925-0.978）; the presence of phosphate increased Hg adsorption; mercury desorption was 13% or lower, diminishing up to 2% under the presence of phosphates. In stirred flow chamber experiments calcined shell retained more Hg than ground shells （6300 vs. 4000-5200 μmol/kg）; Hg retention increased an additional 40% on calcined shell and up to an additional 70% on ground shells when phosphates were present; mercury desorption was quite similar in all shell types （20%-34%）, increasing up to 49%-60% in ground shells when phosphates were present. The higher Hg adsorption on calcined shell would be related to its calcite and dolomite concentrations; mercury-phosphate interactions would cause the increase in Hg retention when phosphates are present. Data on Hg desorption suggest that Hg retention was not easily reversible after batch experiments, increasing in the stirred flow chamber due to convective flow. Calcined and ground mussel shells could be recycled removing Hg from water, with the presence of phosphates in solution improving efficacy.