2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚高效好氧降解菌的鉴定及其降解路径

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)是环境和生物体中普遍检出且生物毒性较大的一种多溴联苯醚同系物.本研究从广东省贵屿镇电子垃圾拆解厂周边采集的农田土壤中分离出一株BDE-47的高效好氧降解菌GYP1,考察了其对BDE-47的降解性能、降解路径及不同的环境因素对菌株降解BDE-47的影响.根据菌株形态特征、16S r DNA基因序列及系统发育树分析,将该菌鉴定为伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia).结果表明,菌株GYP1在好氧条件下能够利用BDE-47为唯一碳源生长,在BDE-47初始质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、温度为30℃、摇床转速为150r·min~(-1)的条件下避光培养4 d,该菌株对BDE-47的降解率可达到82.4%.菌株GYP1在15~35℃和p H=4.0~7.0的环境条件范围内对BDE-47均能保持良好的降解性能,但外加蔗糖、酵母粉、联苯醚等碳源会明显抑制其对BDE-47的降解.在菌株GYP1对BDE-47的降解过程中检测到6-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、4'-OH-BDE-17、2'-OH-BDE-3这4种羟基多溴联苯醚及2,4-二溴苯酚,证明菌株GYP1对BDE-47的好氧降解机理主要是羟基化过程.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对紫红笛鲷鳃抗氧化酶活性的影响

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)是目前唯一仍在全球范围内广泛使用的多溴联苯醚阻燃剂,其环境行为及生物效应逐渐成为环境污染领域研究的热点。选用2(LD组)、10(MLD组)、50(MHD组)及250μg.L-1(HD组)4个浓度的BDE-209作用于紫红笛鲷,探讨BDE-209对紫红笛鲷鳃抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT及POD)活性和MDA含量的影响。结果显示:BDE-209可以显著促进SOD和CAT活性,且随着暴露时间延长CAT活性呈现逐渐增加的趋势。暴露7d后,MLD组SOD活性达到最高68.31U.mg-1,是对照组(CK)的5.50倍,HD组CAT活性达到6.31U.mL-1,其次为MHD组的5.96U.mL-1。BDE-209对鳃POD活性呈现先促进后抑制的作用,暴露3d时各浓度POD活性均显著高于CK组(P<0.05);7d时各浓度POD活性则受到显著抑制(P<0.05),清水恢复15d后各浓度组与CK组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。暴露期间各浓度组MDA含量均显著高于CK组(P<,并且随暴露时间延长呈现先增加后减少的趋势,7d后HD组MDA含量达到最高,为6.99nmol.mg-1,清水恢复15d后,LD和MLD组MDA含量与CK组没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:BDE-209可以诱导紫红笛鲷产生氧化应激效应,CAT和SOD则在氧自由基清除中发挥作用。     

新型冠醚交联壳聚糖的吸附性能

合成３,５－二叔丁基－二苯并１４－冠－４双氯代乙酸酯冠醚,然后使之与壳聚糖发生反应制备成壳聚糖－３,５－二叔丁基－二苯并１４－冠－４双乙酸酯冠醚,经元素分析,ＦＴ－ＩＲ红外光谱分析和Ｘ－射线粉末衍射分析表征了结构。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic

The spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative non-PBDE, non-regulated brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in air and seawater and the air-seawater exchange was investigated in East Greenland Sea using high-volume air and water samples. Total PBDE concentrations (Ó₁₀PBDEs) ranged from 0.09 to 1.8 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere and from 0.03 to 0.64 pg L⁻¹ in seawater. Two alternative BFRs, Hexabromobenzene (HBB) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), showed similar concentrations and spatial trends as PBDEs. The air-seawater gas exchange was dominated by deposition with fluxes up to −492 and −1044 pg m⁻² day⁻¹ for BDE-47 and DPTE, respectively. This study shows the first occurrence of HBB, DPTE and other alternative flame retardants (e.g., pentabromotoluene (PBT)) in the Arctic atmosphere and seawater indicating that they have a similar long-range atmospheric transport potential (LRAT) as the banned PBDEs.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

八氯二丙醚的研究现状与展望

八氯二丙醚是一种农药增效剂,多用于农药喷雾剂、蚊香等。八氯二丙醚在环境中滞留时间长,属于类持久性有机污染物,可能具有致畸、致癌、致突变作用。近10年来国内外学者对环境中的八氯二丙醚进行了比较多的调查和研究。首先对八氯二丙醚的性质、应用情况进行了阐述,然后分析八氯二丙醚的研究现状及可能来源,最后对未来八氯二丙醚的研究的重点和发展趋势进行了展望。文献分析表明：（1）目前国内外的研究集中报道八氯二丙醚在环境中的含量（如农药、蚊香、茶叶、大米、蔬菜、水果等）,缺乏八氯二丙醚的环境行为及其在环境中的迁移、转化及降解机理的研究,更缺乏农产品中八氯二丙醚残留的快速检测研究。（2）报道八氯二丙醚对动物及昆虫的毒性及毒理学试验、杀虫活性研究,缺乏八氯二丙醚对人体暴露风险的研究。     

甲基叔丁基醚在地下水系统中的自然衰减

地下水中的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）自然衰减是生物与非生物过程综合作用的结果。在厌氧条件下,MTBE的同位素方面的证据表明：挥发、吸附和稀释等非生物过程中MTBE自然衰减的主要作用。在实际工作中,应结合当地水文地质条件,从主要环境因子来分析MTBE的自然衰减,从而判定MTBE自然衰减的速率和程度。在进行地下水中MTBE自然衰减研究时,应加强对于能反映MTBE自然衰减的＂印迹＂的研究。对这些＂印迹＂的确定将为野外监测MTBE的自然衰减提供理论上的依据。     

利用黄磷尾气生产二甲醚的初步研究

生产lt黄磷要排放250Nm^3-3000Nm^3尾气，经过尾气净化和精制、甲醇合成和甲醇催化脱水等工艺，可利用黄磷尾气制取二甲醚。以年产5千t的黄磷厂为例，每年可减少1280万Nm^3尾气排放，从而减少3．63t硫、3．47t磷和0．14t氟排入空中，同时可生产二甲醚3500t、甲醇500t。本方法技术上可行，经济效益良好，环境效益显著。     

Study of the explosion parameters of vapor–liquid diethyl ether/air mixtures

The knowledge of the vapor–liquid two-phase diethyl ether (DEE)/air mixtures (mist) on the explosion parameters was an important basis of accident prevention. Two sets of vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations were obtained with Sauter mean diameters of 12.89 and 22.90 μm. Experiments were conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at an ignition energy of 40.32 J and at an initial room temperature and pressure of 21 °C and 0.10 MPa, respectively. The effects of the concentration and particle size of DEE on the explosion pressure, the explosion temperature, and the lower and upper flammability limits were analyzed. Finally, a series of experiments was conducted on vapor–liquid two-phase DEE/air mixtures of various concentrations at various ignition energies. The minimum ignition energies were determined, and the results were discussed. The results were also compared against our previous work on the explosion characteristics of vapor–liquid two-phase n-hexane/air mixtures.