煤油共生矿区含油煤尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究煤油共生矿区含油煤尘最低着火温度的变化规律,选取3种含油浓度不同的煤样,采用粉尘云最低着火温度测定系统,研究含油煤尘云最低着火温度随含油浓度、喷尘压力及煤尘质量的变化规律。研究结果表明:含油煤尘的最低着火温度较不含油煤尘显著降低,且随着煤尘含油浓度的增加,煤尘中挥发分含量增多,煤尘云最低着火温度降低,爆炸危险性增强;低含油浓度煤尘,煤尘受原油挥发分影响较大,在含油浓度为5.7%,4.3%且质量浓度为1364~4550 g/m3时煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,在5.7%,4.3%含油浓度且喷尘压力为0.05 MPa时煤尘MIT随煤尘质量浓度增加先降低后缓慢升高。高含油浓度煤尘,受煤尘团聚现象影响较大,煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而升高,随煤尘质量的增加呈先减小后增大再缓慢减小的变化规律。     

基于证据权重法的呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险空间预测

应用证据权重法结合GIS空间分析,研究了呼伦贝尔地区人为草原火险。利用证据权重法定量化地分析了与人类活动密切相关的5个因子(乡村人口密度、载畜密度、居民点分布、城镇分布、公路网)与草原火点空间分布的关系,并建立了呼伦贝尔草原火险预测模型,据此在ARCVIEW的WofE扩展模块下生成一幅草原火险预测专题图,并将研究区划分为高、中、低三类风险区。研究表明:(1)呼伦贝尔草原火灾火点的空间分布与人类活动关系密切,尤其是乡村人口密度、公路网与居民点分布这三个因子,权重分别为0.5191,0.1945,0.2864;(2)证据权重法可以客观定量地表现出草原火险与人类活动的关系,因而可为草原火灾风险管理提供决策支持。     

Numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air

Spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen release through a tube into air is investigated using a modified version of the KIVA-3V CFD code. A mixture-averaged multi-component approach is used for accurate calculation of molecular transport. Autoignition and combustion chemistry is accounted for using a 21 step kinetic scheme. Ultra fine meshes are employed along with the Arbitrary Lagrangia–Eulerian (ALE) method to reduce false numerical diffusion. The study has demonstrated a possible mechanism for spontaneous ignition through molecular diffusion.

In the simulated scenario, the tube provided additional time to achieve a combustible mixture at the hydrogen–air contact surface. When the tube was sufficiently long under certain release pressure, autoignition would initiate inside the tube at the contact surface due to mass and energy exchange between low temperature hydrogen and shock-heated air through molecular diffusion. Following further development of the hydrogen jet downstream, the contact surface became distorted. Turbulence plays an important role for hydrogen/air mixing in the immediate vicinity of this distorted contact surface and led the initial laminar flame to transit into a stable turbulent flame.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

底泥预处理对磷等温吸附特征及磷形态的影响

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了通过不同预处理对有机质去除后,底泥对磷的等温吸附特征以及底泥中磷的赋存形态的转化.结果表明,对底泥曝气预处理强化了底泥对磷的吸附能力,最大吸附量(S_max)达到714.3mg/kg.不同底泥灼烧后,最大吸附量为天然底泥的1.64～2.25倍,且明显高于未灼烧底泥.对底泥曝气与对水曝气预处理使易被生物利用态磷向难被生物利用态磷转化,易被生物利用态磷较预处理前分别减少了7.02%和0.23%,而空白试验底泥的易被生物利用态磷则增加了4.85%.底泥灼烧后,SMT法不适合分析磷的赋存形态.底泥预处理后,酸性或碱性均促进了磷的释放.底泥灼烧后,在pH5～6条件下,磷的释放量低于未灼烧底泥.     

一种带中心孔的密实随行装药内弹道数值计算及分析

目的 推进密实随行装药技术工程化应用的进程,提出一种带中心孔的密实随行装药结构方案.方法 针对该方案建立相应的内弹道模型,计算得到不同装药量、不同点火延迟时间条件下随行装药内弹道性能的变化情况.结果 受燃尽性约束,端面燃烧型随行装药药柱设计高度有限,内弹道性能提升较小.在随行药柱燃速不变的条件下,带中心孔的随行装药可有...     

基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统

地震次生火灾虽是1种相对罕见的城市灾害,然其巨大的破坏力却逐渐引起广大城市防灾工作者的注意。为了有效防止和抵御地震次生火灾,构建了基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统,用于辅助防灾工作者预测和评价城市地震次生火灾的发生、蔓延、扑救和破坏过程。该仿真系统由4个部件构架而成,包括空间数据库、模型库、仿真中心和结果输出。空间数据库组织和收集城市中与地震次生火灾密切相关的空间和非空间数据,为仿真系统提供基础的数据源;模型库是整个仿真系统的核心,包括了地震次生火灾过程中3个关键阶段的模型,即震后起火模型、城市火灾蔓延模型和震后消防扑救模型;仿真中心是仿真系统的运行中心,实现数据和模型之间的集成,并提供完整的仿真方案进行模拟,并以表格、图件和报表的形式输出各种统计结果。这些统计结果可为防灾工作者的防灾决策提供科学的依据。     

Ignition temperatures and flame velocities of metallic nanomaterials

The production of materials with dimensions in the nanometre range has continued to increase in recent years. In order to ensure safety when handling these products, the hazard potential of such innovative materials must be known. While several studies have already investigated the effects of explosions (such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise) of powders with primary particles in the nanometre range, little is known about the ignition temperatures and flame velocities. Therefore, the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of metallic nano powders (aluminium, iron, copper and zinc) was determined experimentally in a so called Godbert-Greenwald (GG) oven. Furthermore, the flame velocities were determined in a vertical tube. In order to better classify the test results, the tested samples were characterised in detail and the lower explosion limits of the tested dust samples were determined. Values for the burning velocity of aluminium nano powders are higher compared to values of micrometre powders (from literature). While MIT of nanometre aluminium powders is within the range of micrometre samples, MIT of zinc and copper nano powders is lower than values reported in literature for respective micrometre samples.     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.