Inhibiting effect of inhibitors on ignition sensitivity of wood dust

Wood products are easy to produce dust in the production and processing process, and have a serious explosion risk. In order to improve the safety of wood products production, the inhibiting effects of magnesium hydroxide (MTH), SiO₂, melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of wood dust were experimentally studied. The results showed that the inhibiting effects of inhibitors on the MIE of wood dust show the order of MPP > SiO₂>MTH. The order of the inhibiting effects on the MIT of wood dust was MPP > MTH > SiO_2. When 10% MPP was added to wood dust, the time when the flame appears (T_appear) and the time when the flame reaches the top of the glass tube (T_top) obviously rose to 80, 140 ms. Therefore, MPP had the best inhibiting effect on the ignition sensitivity of wood dust.According to thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, the introduction of MPP leaded to lower maximum mass loss rate (MMLR), higher temperature corresponding to mass loss of 90% (T_0.1), residual mass and heat absorption. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) results showed that MPP produced H₂O (g) and NH₃ (g) during the thermal decomposition process, which diluted the oxygen.     

Low temperature autoignition of Jet A and surrogate jet fuel

An experimental study of the low-temperature and low-pressure autoignition of Jet A and surrogate fuels was conducted using the ASTM-E659 standardized test method. Two surrogate fuels (Aachen and JI mixtures), their individual components and two batches (POSF-4658 and POSF-10325) of standardized Jet A were tested using the ASTM-E659 method for a range of fuel concentrations and temperatures. The ignition behaviors were categorized into four distinct ignition modes. The individual hydrocarbon components had a wide range of ignition behaviors and minimum autoignition temperatures (AIT) values depending on the molecular structure. The two Jet A batches showed similar ignition behavior with measured AITs of 229 ±3°C and 225 ±3°C respectively. Both surrogates exhibited similar ignition behavior to Jet A with comparable AITs of 219 ±3.1°C (Aachen) and 228 ±3°C (JI) with the JI mixture proving to be a more suitable surrogate to Jet A in the low-temperature thermal ignition regime.     

A theoretical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition energy of dust clouds

In this study, a physical model of the dust cloud ignition process is developed for both cylindrical coordinates with a straight-line shaped ignition source and spherical coordinates with a point shaped ignition source. Using this model, a numerical algorithm for the calculation of the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is established and validated. This algorithm can evaluate MIEs of dusts and their mixtures with different dust concentrations and particle sizes. Although the average calculated cylindrical MIE (MIE_cylindrical) of the studied dusts only amounts to 63.9% of the average experimental MIE value due to reasons including high idealization of the numerical model and possible energy losses in the experimental tests, the algorithm with cylindrical coordinates correctly predicts the experimental MIE variation trends against particle diameter and dust concentration. There is a power function relationship between the MIE and particle diameter of the type MIE ∝ d_p^k with k being approximately 2 for cylindrical coordinates and 3 for spherical coordinates. Moreover, as dust concentration increases MIE(conc) first drops because of the decreasing average distance between particles and, at fuel-lean concentrations the increasing dust cloud combustion heat; however, after the dust concentration rises beyond a certain value, MIE(conc) starts to increase as a result of the increasingly significant heat sink effect from the particles and, at fuel-rich concentrations the no longer increasing dust cloud combustion heat.     

Mapping lightning/human-caused wildfires occurrence under ignition point location uncertainty

Fire managers need to study fire history in terms of occurrence in order to understand and model the spatial distribution of the causes of ignition. Fire atlases are useful open sources of information, recording each single fire event by means of its geographical position. In such cases the fire event is considered as point-based, rather than area-based data, completely losing its surface nature. Thus, an accurate method is needed to estimate continuous density surfaces from ignition points where location is affected by a certain degree of uncertainty. Recently, the fire scientific community has focused its attention on the kernel density interpolation technique in order to convert point-based data into continuous surface or surface-data. The kernel density technique needs a priori setting of smoothing parameters, such as the bandwidth size. Up to now, the bandwidth size was often based on subjective choices still needing expert knowledge, eventually supported by empirical decisions, thus leading to serious uncertainties. Nonetheless, a geostatistical model able to describe the point concentration and consequently the clustering degree is required. This paper tries to solve such issues by implementing the kernel density adaptive mode. Lightning/human-caused fires occurrence was investigated in the region of Aragón's autonomy over 19 years (1983–2001) using 3428 and 4195 ignition points respectively for the two causes of fire origin. An analytical calibration procedure was implemented to select the most reliable density surfaces to reduce under/over-density estimation, overcoming the current drawbacks to define it by visual inspection or personal interpretation. Besides, ignition point location uncertainty was investigated to check the sensitivity of the proposed model. The different concentration degree and the dissimilar spatial pattern of the two datasets, allow testing the proposed calibration methodology under several conditions. After having discovered the slight sensitivity of the model to the exact point position, the obtained density surfaces for the two causes were combined to discover hotspot areas and spatial patterns of the two causes. Evident differences in spatial location of the origin causes were noted and described. The general trend follows the geographical features and the human activity of the study areas. The proposed technique should be promising to support decision-making in wildfire prevention actions, because of the occurrence map can be used as a response variable in fire risk predicting models.     

基于DSP的PPT试验样机点火安全控制系统设计

脉冲等离子体推力器PPT(Pulsed Plasma Thruster)点火安全控制系统是PPT设计中的关键.为方便灵活地控制点火脉冲和工作频率,同时保证安全点火,采用直接有脉宽调制信号PWM(Pulse width Modulalion)输出口的数字信号处理器DSP(Digital Signal Processing)控制PPT的点火,完成了DSP辅助电路、和上位机通讯的串口电路、与PPT高压触发模块(脉冲功率装置)的接口电路以及PPT点火时序控制软件的设计.PPT工作时,点火安全控制系统接收由上位机卫星喷气姿态控制算法产生的点火时刻和点火次数命令,执行点火命令.试验表明,PPT点火安全控制系统能够控制PPT试验样机,使其准确按照时序在频率0～1.67Hz(波形分辨率最高为6.67ns)下可靠点火.     

浅析原油储运设施用火的安全控制点

从管道储运设施现场用火过程中的可燃气体浓度、着火源、危险物等要素进行分析,采取有针对性的用火安全措施,从而有效提高石油管道储运设施现场用火的安全性。     

Minimum ignition energy theoretical model for flammable gas based on flame propagation layer by layer

To achieve the rapid prediction of minimum ignition energy (MIE) for premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, a theoretical model is developed based on the proposed idea of flame propagation layer by layer. The validity and high accuracy of this model in predicting MIE have been corroborated against experimental data (from literature) and traditional models. In comparison, this model is mainly applicable to uniform premixed flammable mixtures, and the ignition source needs to be regarded as a punctiform energy source. Nevertheless, this model can exhibit higher accuracy (up to 90%) than traditional models when applied to premixed gases with wide-span equivalence ratios, such as C₃H₈-air mixtures with 0.7–1.5 equivalence ratios, CH₄-air mixtures with 0.7–1.25 equivalence ratios, H₂-air mixtures with 0.6–3.15 equivalence ratios et al. Further, the model parameters have been pre-determined using a 20 L spherical closed explosion setup with a high-speed camera, and then the MIE of common flammable gases (CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₁₀, C₂H₄, C₃H₆, C₂H₂, C₃H₄, C₂H₆O, CO and H₂) under stoichiometric or wide-span equivalence ratios has been calculated. Eventually, the influences of model parameters on MIE have been discussed. Results show that MIE is the sum of the energy required for flame propagation during ignition. The increase in exothermic and heat transfer efficiency for fuel molecules can reduce MIE, whereas prolonging the flame induction period can increase MIE.     

植物油脂自燃性能与碘值定量关系的研究

对四种同脂发热自燃性进行了试验研究,采用回归分析方法,建立了环境温度与油脂发热诱导期之间的定量关系式,即ｌｇＴ／ａ／ｔ＋ｂ,提出油脂自燃性能可用ａ和ｂ两参数描述。研究表明,碘值与油脂自燃性能常数ａ和ｂ存在密切关系,可分别用对数和直线方程表示。     

打印机墨粉燃烧特性的热分析

通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分别对墨粉的表面特征和成分进行分析,并对试样在不同升温速率下燃烧热失重行为进行了实验研究。分析研究表明,墨粉一旦达到着火点燃烧剧烈,燃烧过程处在动力区的时间较短,化学动力反应区在500℃以下。墨粉有不同升温速率下的燃烧特性,计算出燃烧反应动力学参数,为墨粉干法回收工艺过程燃烧防爆提供了较为可靠的基础数据。     

腐朽坑木与煤混合物升温氧化特性研究

为研究煤层及腐朽坑木着火特性,采集巷道内腐朽坑木与煤样并进行混合,对其混合物进行燃点测定和程序升温实验;通过对不同煤木混合物在升温过程中产生气体的规律性进行分析,优选出混合物产生的单一气体指标及复合指标.研究结果表明:随朽木在混合物中的比例上升,混合物燃点呈下降趋势,且CO,C2 H4等指标气体出现更早,CO产生量更大...