低压下高温导线电流过载喷射着火研究

以聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)高温阻燃材料为绝缘层的电缆电线,在航天器中有着较广泛的应用,但是关于它们短路过载引起的着火却少有研究。通过低压实验舱模拟微重力下的弱浮力环境,对过载电流下的FEP高温导线的着火现象进行了研究。实验结果表明,由于FEP导线热容高,热解过程中,会在绝缘层与线芯之间积聚热解气体,形成气泡,随后气泡破裂发生喷射着火现象;随着环境压力的增大,FEP热解气泡的宽度逐渐增加,而气泡高度逐渐减小;实验段导线中间位置所受拉伸应力最大,喷射着火发生在中间位置的概率最高;相同氧气浓度下,着火能量随着压力的增加而逐渐降低,而增加氧气浓度则会使着火能量降低。     

乙醇汽油自燃温度及爆炸极限测试

为评估不同标号乙醇汽油(E10)的燃爆危险特性,补充完善乙醇汽油的技术指标,首次采用AIT551自燃温度测试仪和FRTA爆炸极限测试仪测试了E10的自燃温度和爆炸极限,并分析了温度对乙醇汽油爆炸极限的影响规律。结果表明:90号、93号、97号E10自燃温度分别为373℃、339℃、373℃,对应着火延迟时间为8 s、9 s、8s;90号、93号、97号E10的爆炸范围分别为1.223%~8.292%、1.343%~8.893%、1.294%~8.546%;温度从20℃升高至120℃,93号E10的爆炸范围从1.491%~8.765%变宽至1.318%~9.103%,即E10蒸气爆炸极限范围随温度升高而变宽;推导了测量E10蒸气爆炸极限时待测样品量预估计的公式。     

煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究半煤岩巷道中岩粉质量分数和煤的挥发分与煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度的关系,选取挥发分差异较大的5种煤样以相同比例配制煤岩混合型粉尘,利用粉尘云最小点火温度测定仪进行煤岩混合型粉尘试验。结果表明,当煤岩混合型粉尘中岩粉质量分数低于40%时,岩粉的混合会导致混合型粉尘云最低着火温度发生小幅度波动;当岩粉质量分数高于40%时,煤岩混合型粉尘最低着火温度会随岩粉质量分数的增加而大幅度升高;挥发分质量分数越小的煤粉,其混合型粉尘云最低着火温度越容易受岩粉质量分数的影响。     

人体静电作用下桥丝火工品发火概率计算

应用有限元方法,通过算例模拟了桥丝式电火工品（EED）静电发火的三维温度场,并采取统计方法估算了火工品临界发火温度;结合可靠性理论应力一强度模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法,计算了EED在人体静电作用下的发火概率;最后分析了各因素对火工品发火概率的影响。结果表明,人体静电电压是影响桥丝式EED发火概率的最主要因素,EED在人体静电作用下的发火概率高达17．1％。     

Nex-Hys: minimum ignition temperature of hybrid mixtures

Although the minimum ignition temperature is an important safety characteristic and of practical relevance in industrial processes, actually only standard operation procedures are available for pure substances and single-phase values. Nevertheless, combinations of substances or mixtures are used in industrial processes and up to now it is not possible to provide a standardised minimum ignition temperature and in consequence to design a process safely with regard to the substances used.In order to get minimum ignition temperatures for frequently used hybrid mixtures, first, the minimum ignition temperatures and ignition frequencies were determined in the modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace for two single phase solids and a liquid substance. Second, minimum ignition temperatures and ignition frequencies were determined for several combinations as hybrid mixture of dust and liquid.In parallel to the determination of ignition temperatures a new camera and computer system to differentiate ignition from non-ignition is developed. First results are promising that such a system could be much less operator depended.By a high number of repetitions to classify regions of ignition the base is laid to decide about a new procedure for a hybrid standard and updating existing ones, too. This is one of the necessary aims to be reached in the Nex-Hys project.A noticeable decrease of minimum ignition temperatures below the MIT of the pure solids was observed for the one hybrid mixture tested, yet. Furthermore more widely dispersed area of ignition is shown. In accordance to previously findings, the results demonstrate a strong relationship between likelihood of explosion and amount of added solvent. In consequence the hybrid mixture is characterized by a lower minimum ignition temperature than the single dust.     

The effects of phosphorus-free inhibitors on the ignition of lycopodium dust

The minimum ignition temperature of dust suspension (MIT) and the hot surface ignition temperature of the dust layer (LIT) are essential safety parameters for the process industry. However, the knowledge of the ignition behavior when solid mixtures of flammable fuels and phosphorous-free inhibitors are considered is still scarce and further experimental and theoretical analyses are requested. In this work, the ignition temperature of phosphorous-free inhibitors (coal fly ash and calcium carbonate) mixed with lycopodium dust have been studied in terms of LIT analysis (hot plate thickness: 5 mm, 12.5 mm and 15 mm), and by the Godbert-Greenwald test for the MIT. Both coal fly ash and calcium carbonate have been tested at different concentrations and particle sizes.Results show that the effects of the inhibitor can be counter-productive when layer ignition temperature is considered even if the minimum ignition temperature of the dust suspension shows a positive effect from the safety point of view. This behavior has been analyzed in the terms of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the mixture, by using Maxwell's equation for two-phase solid mixtures. Standard empirical correlations for the ignition temperature of solid mixtures have been also tested, showing their weakness in reproducing mixture behavior.     

20L近球形容器中甲醇喷雾液滴爆炸特性实验研究*

为了评估易燃液体喷雾的爆炸风险,借助喷雾粒度仪、高速相机以及喷雾爆炸实验系统,围绕2种粒径(表面积平均粒径:2.0 μm±0.5 μm;18.0 μm±0.5 μm)的甲醇喷雾,研究点火位置和延迟时间等因素对甲醇喷雾爆炸特性的影响。结果表明:甲醇喷雾粒径均随环境温度的增加而减小,当甲醇喷雾浓度较大时,环境温度对于甲醇喷雾粒径的影响更为显著;甲醇物料温度的改变对于其粒径的影响很小。随着点火延迟时间的增大,甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在τ=120 ms时最大。受限空间内甲醇喷雾采用中心或上部点火方式,当甲醇喷雾浓度为356.4 g/m3(φ=1.8)时,甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数均取得最大值;与上部位置点火相比,中心位置点火的甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数值较大。     

烟火材料的自燃与对策

从物质自燃现象的一般属性出发，通过对自燃加速曲线的分析，引伸出了烟火材料自燃特有的内涵。按照放热反应的不同形式对可自燃的烟火材料进行了分类。提出了发生自燃事故的统计规律以及防止事故的一些技术和管理措施。     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。     

What factors control soil profile nitrogen storage?

Factors influencing soil profile nitrogen storage (SPNS) in GB have been investigated. The SPNS values of moorland peats and podzols in the South Pennines, of permanent grassland in Yorkshire, and of adjacent arable-, semi-permanent grassland- and ancient woodland-soils in Worcestershire have been compared to assess land use effects. The soils exhibited similar SPNS values, because changes in bulk density and organic matter composition offset increases in N concentrations in highly organic soils. Data from the Soil Survey of Scotland were used to show effects of soil parent material on SPNS were also small. Data on Scottish podzol soils under heather moorland and derived from sandstone or quartzite were used to show that SPNS declined with increasing precipitation, but increased with the amount of pollutant N deposited from the atmosphere.