树舌灵芝多糖对肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能的影响

观察树舌灵芝多糖对肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能的影响．采用经典的四氯化碳肝纤维化模型,造模同时给予树舌灵芝多糖干预,4周后采血测血清AST、ALB、A／G、HDL,实验中观察大鼠的一般状况．树舌灵芝多糖能显著降低四氯化碳肝纤维化大鼠血清ALIT、Mb、A／G水平．在肝纤维化的病理进程中,采取树舌灵芝多糖进行干预,可改善大鼠肝功能．表3,参5．     

包装行业中的变频器矢量控制技术

为了更好地解决包装行业中电力拖动设备的机械性能和调速问题,选用了矢量控制型变频器．介绍了变频器矢量控制的基本原理,并且建立了异步电动机在不同坐标系下的数学模型．最后采用磁场定向控制方法,导出了异步电动机的矢量控制数学模型,方便了变频器矢量控制的实现．图1,参4．     

均质滤料过滤截污模型研究

对均质滤料过滤进行了分析，采用毛细管模型研究过滤水流，给出毛细管中剪切应力的分布，通过毛细管中颗粒物的受力分析，求得颗粒与毛细管壁间的物理化学作用力。对颗粒在毛细管在毛细管中运动的受力平衡进行分析简化，得到了截污饮和时滤床中孔隙率的计算公式，由此可以计算出均质滤床的最大截污能力，即：清洁滤床的孔隙率与孢和孔隙率之差乘以滤床的体积。     

成都颗粒物吸湿增长特征及订正方法研究

利用2013年6月—2014年5月成都市人民南路四段逐时PM_(2.5)质量浓度、大气能见度监测资料及同期温江站相对湿度观测数据,分析了该区域相对湿度对大气消光系数的影响,探讨了消光系数湿度订正方法的原理和技术流程.结果表明:针对细颗粒物而言,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数在相对湿度为40%时存在突变(通过了α=0.05的信度检验),当相对湿度小于40%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数呈现平稳波动的特征;而当相对湿度介于40%~90%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数增长趋势明显;现有的湿度订正方法未能在成都地区起到相应的订正效果;单位质量“湿”消光系数直观上表现为非平稳随机序列,基于单位质量“湿”消光系数和单位质量“干”消光系数在统计意义下应具有一致性的原则,从不确定性分析的角度提出了消光系数湿度订正的新方法,取得了令人满意的结果.     

河流营养物参照状态的建立方法研究进展

建立营养物参照状态是河流水污染控制的关键问题之一。系统论述了参照状态的各种内涵,重点分析了国外建立河流营养物参照状态的各种方法及优缺点,并分析了其在中国的适用性。最后,提出了河流营养物参照状态的进一步研究的重点。参照状态根据允许人类活动影响的程度可有多种含义:最小干扰状态、历史状态、最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态。其中,最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态在现实管理中具有一定程度的可操作性。参照河流百分比法是建立营养物参照状态的首选方法,但中国水环境污染形势严峻,参照点变得越来越少。当参照点不存在时,一般河流百分比法是参照河流百分比法的替代方法,然而一般河流百分比法和参照河流百分比法的匹配性关系并不完全保持一致。由于栖息地退化等因素对生物完整性的影响程度可能比营养物浓度更大,生物响应法在实际应用中是非常困难的。流域模型法虽然有众多优点,但是数据要求较高,并且常用流域模型的机理与中国有较大差距,在中国应用的结果具有较大的不确定性。综合考虑中国水环境污染现状和数据要求,以多元线性回归模型为代表的简易模型方法在中国应有最大的适用性。然而,环境因素与营养物质间的关系往往都是非线性的,今后应着重研究建立河流营养物参照状态的多元非线性回归模型方法。此外,还应加强季风河流营养物参照状态的季节性差异与年际差异研究,并在全国层面上根据自然因素划分适当规模的生态区,分区确定各生态区的河流营养物参照状态。     

垃圾填埋场室内模拟试验注水量确定方法及其应用

针对填埋场室内模拟试验往往忽略降雨径流和初损的问题,提出运用SCS模型确定室内模拟试验日注水量的方法,并将计算结果应用于成都长安填埋场室内模拟试验中.结果表明,采用SCS模型计算所得的日入渗量进行注水的模拟柱渗滤液产量和水质变化能够更准确的模拟填埋场实际情况.     

Grassy field margins as potential corridors for butterflies in agricultural landscapes: A simulation study

Over the last decades, agricultural intensification has caused a dramatic reduction of grassy habitats. This habitat loss has had a strong negative effect on many meadow-living insect populations, including butterflies. As a part of the cross-compliance measures of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, subsidies for creation and maintenance of grassy field margins (GFM) have been launched. Among other environmental issues, they may serve as corridors for movement of various meadow-living species between individual meadows. Their role as corridors has, however, not yet been demonstrated at the landscape scale and their characteristics that most significantly increase landscape connectivity are unknown. Empirical data for such studies are missing, as the GFM subsidies were launched only 3 years ago. One possibility to get some predictions of their outcomes is provided by simulation models. Here we present our simulation results, using an extension of the model developed by Kindlmann et al. (2004) for the Meadow Brown butterfly, Maniola jurtina. The extension includes the probability to cross a boundary (Conradt and Roper, 2006) that negatively influences dispersal rates but increases sensitivity to the corridor effect. Our simulations show that GFMs increase the dispersal rates between habitat patches and we predict the optimal combinations of width and number of GFMs in the landscape. This way we provide a decision-making tool for increasing landscape connectivity for M. jurtina and similar species. Although our simulations are based on a particular species, they may be generalized because this species shows dispersal rates that are typical of butterfly metapopulations (Conradt et al., 2000), and a potentially widespread dispersal kernel (i.e. “foray search”) that has been reported in a wide variety of species (see Conradt et al., 2003 for a review).     

Testing hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves

Niche theory with hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves is used in the studies of resource sharing of competing plant species. Predictions based on theory should be applicable when, e.g., effects of competing species on the ecological tolerances are assessed or species’ diversity along a resource gradient is evaluated. We studied the ecological response curves of competing plant species along a resource gradient in boreal forests. The study was based on nation-wide soil and vegetation data collected from 455 sample plots on boreal forests in Finland. Species response curves along a soil fertility gradient (in terms of C/N ratio) were estimated using generalized additive models. Distribution of species optima and the relationship of niche width and skewness to the location of the optimum were analyzed with new bootstrap tests. The developed tests can account for the effects of truncation observed in the response curves of several species and for the uneven distribution of observations on the gradient.The estimated response curves of the major field layer species of boreal forests were not evenly distributed along soil C/N gradient. The density of optima peaked with relatively high nitrogen availability. Species with optima at low nitrogen availability had relatively broad realized niches. Niche width was negatively correlated with the density of optima. Species optima were packed and niches were narrow at high resource levels. This result suggests that a greater number of more specialized species can occur and interspecific competition decreases niche widths at high resource levels. Species were packed in the gradient where the C/N ratio was lower than 25, i.e., in conditions where nitrification can take place. This indicates that the majority of the vascular plants of boreal forests are favoured by the availability of NO₃⁻. Those few species thriving at high C/N ratios have broader realized niches.     

Using multistate mark-recapture methods to model adult salmonid migration in an industrialized river

A multistate mark-recapture (MSMR) model of the adult salmonid migration through the lower Columbia River and into the Snake River was developed, designed for radiotelemetry detections at dams and tributary mouths. The model focuses on upstream-directed travel, with states determined from observed fish movement patterns indicating directed upstream travel, downstream travel (fallback), and use of non-natal tributaries. The model was used to analyze telemetry data from 846 migrating adult spring-summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) tagged in 1996 at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. We used the model to test competing hypotheses regarding delayed effects of fallback at dams and visits to tributaries, and to define and estimate migration summary measures. Tagged fish had an average probability of 0.755 () of ending migration at a tributary or upstream of Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, and a probability of 0.245 () of unaccountable loss (i.e., mortality or mainstem spawning) between the release site downstream of Bonneville Dam and Lower Granite Dam. The highest probability of unaccountable loss (0.092; ) was in the reach between Bonneville Dam and The Dalles Dam. Study fish used the tributaries primarily as exits from the hydrosystem, and visits to non-natal tributaries had no significant effect on subsequent movement upriver (P = 0.4245). However, fallback behavior had a small effect on subsequent tributary entry and exit (P = 0.0530), with fish using tributaries as resting areas after reascending Bonneville Dam after fallback. The spatial MSMR model developed here can be adapted to address additional questions about the interaction of migrating organisms with their environment, or for the study of migrations in other river systems.     

Fish population dynamics in a seasonally varying wetland

Small fishes in seasonally flooded environments such as the Everglades are capable of spreading into newly flooded areas and building up substantial biomass. Passive drift cannot account for the rapidity of observed population expansions. To test the ‘reaction-diffusion’ mechanism for spread of the fish, we estimated their diffusion coefficient and applied a reaction-diffusion model. This mechanism was also too weak to account for the spatial dynamics. Two other hypotheses were tested through modeling. The first—the ‘refuge mechanism’—hypothesizes that small remnant populations of small fishes survive the dry season in small permanent bodies of water (refugia), sites where the water level is otherwise below the surface. The second mechanism, which we call the ‘dynamic ideal free distribution mechanism’ is that consumption by the fish creates a prey density gradient and that fish taxis along this gradient can lead to rapid population expansion in space. We examined the two alternatives and concluded that although refugia may play an important role in recolonization by the fish population during reflooding, only the second, taxis in the direction of the flooding front, seems capable of matching empirical observations. This study has important implications for management of wetlands, as fish biomass is an essential support of higher trophic levels.