改性膨润土处理污水处理厂二级出水的实验研究

研究基于再生水回灌地下、补充地下水水源的目的,使用河南信阳某膨润土厂生产的钠基膨润土,通过酸改性、铝柱撑改性和微波-硫酸亚铁改性制得三种改性膨润土,用于处理城市污水处理厂的二级出水.实验结果显示,经XRD衍射分析可知,三种方法制备的改性膨润土,其矿物结构都有不同程度上的变化,膨润土层间距都较膨润土原矿有所增大,可见其改...     

改性沸石湿地脱氮除磷效能及机制

为明确改性沸石湿地对分散性农村生活污水中氮磷的去除效能,并探索其脱氮除磷机制,将改性沸石作为折流湿地填料层填料,应用于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)+折流湿地(BFCW)组合工艺,为苏州市农村生活污水处理提供新途径.结果表明,改性沸石湿地对氮磷去除良好且稳定,脱氮量和除磷量较沸石湿地分别增大1.8%和1倍多.湿地主要通过填料的吸附截留作用脱氮除磷,以Ca-P和Al-P为主要沉淀磷素形式,植物的泌氧和吸收作用有助于稳定出水水质.湿地前端和后端分别以填料的吸附截留作用和微生物的硝化反硝化作用为主要脱氮途径.改性过程对沸石磷素吸附沉淀性能的大幅提升是在多重途径的协同作用下实现的,湿地构型和植物根系的影响是造成相同区域填料氮磷截留量差异的主要原因.硝化作用强度的高低是改性沸石湿地脱氮效果及稳定性季节性波动的主因.     

HDTMA改性粘土吸附固定沉积物间隙水中多环芳烃的模拟研究

选用经过十六烷三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)改性的粘土矿物为吸附剂,探讨其对水中多环芳烃类有机污染物的吸附性能。结果表明,HDTMA改性土吸附固定水中多环芳烃的能力比天然沉积物要高得多且吸附稳定。本文还讨论了环境温度、pH值、盐度、振荡时间、污染物初始浓度以及投土量对吸附性能的影响以确定吸附的适宜条件。根据实验结论,将HDTMA改性土投到实际间隙水样品中,经过充分的吸附,结果显示,经HDTMA改性粘土吸附后的间隙水中多环芳烃的含量均在检出线以下,说明HDTMA改性土可以有效地吸附固定沉积物间隙水中的多环芳烃,降低其迁移性,防止其释放产生二次污染。     

水中本底成分对催化臭氧化分解微量硝基苯的影响

考察了水中本底成分对催化臭氧化分解水中微量硝基苯的影响规律.对比试验结果表明,单独臭氧氧化、臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化和臭氧/改性蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化工艺在自来水中比蒸馏水中对硝基苯的去除率分别增加了4.90%、2.47%和5.12%.单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯的分解效率随着镁离子浓度的升高(0～8 mg.L^-1)而增加了6.25%,在相同实验条件下,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化和臭氧/改性蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化对硝基苯的降解效率随着镁离子浓度的升高却降低了11.41%和17.64%;单独臭氧氧化、臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化和臭氧/改性蜂窝陶瓷催化氧化在氯离子浓度增加(0～40 mg.L^-1)的情况下对硝基苯的去除率分别下降了4.42%、9.38%和12.24%;低浓度的腐殖酸促进了硝基苯的降解,高浓度的腐殖酸抑制了硝基苯的降解.实验还研究了臭氧投加量和硝基苯初始浓度对硝基苯降解效率的影响.     

有机改性粘土对赤潮藻絮凝沉降的动力学研究

采用分光光度计法和活体荧光计法,研究了吉米奇类表面活性剂双烷基聚氧乙烯基三季铵盐（DPQAC）改性粘土对2种赤潮生物赤潮异弯藻和锥状斯氏藻的絮凝沉降动力学,比较了2种实验方法的不同,并对几种影响絮凝沉降的因素进行了研究.结果表明,传统的分光光度计法进行动力学研究时,有机粘土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降较好地符合双分子反应动力学模型,而采用活体荧光计法进行实验时,有机粘土对赤潮藻的絮凝沉降很好地符合双曲线动力学模型,利用活体荧光计法进行实验时避免了前者由于粘土沉降导致的体系透光率的快速变化,更好地反映了赤潮藻细胞絮凝沉降实质.2种动力学实验方法都表明,高岭土体系的沉降速率要略高于膨润土体系,提高粘土、改性剂的用量以及体系的pH值都能加快沉降速率,其中提高改性剂的用量是增加去除率和加快沉降速率的最有效方法.     

Modeling of air quality with a modified two-dimensional Eulerian model： A case study in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China

A modified two-dimensional Eulerian air quality model was used to simulate both the gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations during October 21-24, 2004 in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region, China. The most significant improvement to the model is the added capability to predict the secondary organic aerosols （SOA） concentrations because of the inclusion of the SOA formation chemistry. The meteorological input data were prepared using the CALMET meteorological model. The concentrations of aerosol-bound species such as NO3^-, NH4^＋, SO4^2-, and SOA were calculated in the fine particle size range （〈2.5 μm）. The results of the two-dimensional model were compared to the measurements at the ground level during the PRD Intensive Monitoring Campaign （IMC）. Overall, there were good agreements between the measured and modeled concentrations of inorganic aerosol components and O3. Both the measured and the modeled results indicated that the maximum hourly O3 concentrations exceeded the China National Air Quality Standard. The predicted 24-h average SOA concentrations were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the method of minimum OC/EC ratio.     

铁炭微电解预处理电路板废水

采用铁炭微电解法预处理电路板废水.结果表明,在进水pH为2.00、铁炭质量比为4:1、振荡时间为20 min的铁炭微电解静态实验最佳条件下,絮凝出水COD去除率为30%;在进水pH为2.00、铁炭质量比为4:1、水力停留时间为50 min的铁炭微电解柱动态实验最佳条件下,连续曝气.絮凝出水COD为11021 mg/L,COD去除率约为34%,BOD5/COD从0.12上升到0.32,可生化性提高,Cu2+质量浓度从9.11 mg/L下降至0.76 mg/L,降低了废水的生物毒性,为生化处理创造了条件.     

铁改性海泡石除锑的影响因素研究

选择廉价海泡石, 用氯化铁对其改性。研究铁改性海泡石对锑的吸附特性。结果表明,氯化铁浓度、吸附时间、初始锑浓度以及温度等因素对锑的吸附影响较大,溶液初始pH影响不明显。在初始锑浓度50 mg/L,pH 6.8,5%氯化铁改性海泡石投加量为2 g/L,吸附90 min, 温度35℃下,吸附量可达21.6 mg/g。海泡石对吸附锑具有缓冲特性,溶液的初始pH值在3.1～10.1范围时,吸附后溶液的最终pH值为8～8.5。IMS吸附锑是放热过程。改性后海泡石比表面积增大,表面羟基数量增加,导致其吸附能力增强。通过XRD谱图并未发现铁晶体的存在。     

改性纤维球在油田污水处理中的应用

纤维球过滤可充分发挥出滤料深层的截污能力。介绍了改性纤维球滤料的技术要求,在使用过程中主要存在的几个问题,改性纤维球过滤器的结构及特点,在油田污水处理中的现场应用情况。试验证明,经50%互溶剂+2%表面活性剂+2%烧碱清洗后,改性纤维球滤料颜色变为灰白,纤维之间松散,不存在粘结现象,清洗较为彻底。     

Integrated model of simulated occupant injury risk and real medical costs

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated methodology that links occupant injury risk functions, estimated in the laboratory, with real world medical treatment costs by using the abbreviated injury score (AIS). Using our model, the expected medical treatment costs for crash injuries to various body regions and of different severities can be investigated.

Methods

First, the simulation results are compared with NHTSA crash data. We used a modified kinematics simulation model that incorporates an F = E^b function as a supplement to the previous Steffan's model to obtain a more accurate acceleration history a(t). Second, head injury criteria HIC₃₆ can be calculated from a(t), and we use the injury probability P as a function of HIC_36, as proposed by Kuppa, to obtain the injury risk function for various AIS values. Third, medical treatment cost models for various AIS values can be calculated by using a regression cost model with real world data. Finally, the injury risk function and medical treatment cost models are linked through AIS values. We establish an integrated methodology and predict medical costs and car safety data using real world police reports, medical treatment costs, and laboratory simulation results.

Results

Using head injuries in frontal crashes as an example, we focus on simulation parameters for different vehicle models, with and without airbags. We specifically examine impact closing speed, Delta-V, and impact directions.

Conclusion

Simulation results can be used to supplement insufficient real crash data, in particular ΔV, and injury risk results from police crash reports.

Impact on industry

The proposed integrated methodology may provide the vehicle industry with a new safety assessment method. Real crash data coupling provides consumers with more realistic and applicable information.