水平基因转移及其在污染修复中的应用

水平基因转移加速了部分生物体基因组的进化和革新;但随着基因改造生物的大量运用,由水平基因转移引起的生态安全问题越来越成为人们争论的焦点.由于大量异生污染物的产生,污染地区成为细菌水平基因转移的一个"热点"区域.为了实现污染地区的生物修复及强化难降解废水处理的效果,人为的制造和加快特定降解基因的水平转移被认为是解决这些问题的一个新思路.图2参57     

Conservation Biology, Genetically Modified Organisms, and the Biosafety Protocol

Abstract:  Concerns have been raised regarding the potential adverse effects on biological diversity of the use of living modified organisms (LMOs, which are commonly known by similar terms such as genetically modified organisms). At the international level these concerns are addressed in part by an agreement known as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and include potential toxic effects of insect-resistant crops on nontarget organisms and potential ecological effects of gene flow from modified crops, fish, microorganisms, or insects to wild species or counterparts. We reviewed the protocol's main provisions, including those dealing with risk assessment and risk management, decision making on imports, documentation accompanying shipments, and liability resulting from damages caused by LMOs. A medium-term program of work has been adopted by the parties, which includes the potential contribution of conservation biologists to delivering capacity building, developing risk assessment guidance, evaluating mechanisms of potential ecological damages from LMOs, and other issues. Conservation biologists and other experts have opportunities to influence the negotiations and implementation of the protocol by providing inputs at meetings, offering expertise to governments and organizations, and participating in or developing relevant projects and initiatives. Involvement of conservation biologists in the implementation and further development of the protocol would contribute to its effectiveness.     

化学修饰电极在环境微量及痕量有机物分析中的应用

根据实验研究及国内外文献,从伏安及电位溶出分析,流动注射/液相色谱电化学检测,化学修饰电极生物传感器及化学修饰电极预富集—石墨炉原子吸收法联用等方面,重点综述了化学修饰电极在环境微量及痕量有机物分析中的应用。     

铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水的研究

利用铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水,介绍其作用机理,考察了废水pH值、铁屑用量、反应时间、曝气时间和操作方式等因素对色度和CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明,在废水pH值为4,铁屑用量为15%,常温反应4 h,曝气时间2 h条件下,色度去除率可达100%,CODCr去除率达92.68%.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

改性膨润土和沉水植物联合作用处理沉积物磷

首次将改性膨润土（modified bentonite,MB）作为原位吸附材料与沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis,V.spiralis）联合处理沉积物磷.研究结果表明,MB可以促进沉水植物V.spiralis的生长, V.spiralis可能通过根系分泌作用促进溶磷或是通过促进根际微生物群落的P代谢活性增加沉积物中的生物可利用性P含量.MB与沉水植物V.spiralis对沉积物P的联合作用效果优于MB和沉水植物V.spiralis单独作用之和.厚度5cm MB和V.spiralis联合作用对沉积物TP,IP,OP,Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除率可达59.8%,57.1%,67.8%,66.7%和44.7%.微生物试验结果表明,厚壁菌门Erysipelotrichaceae科的菌属PSB-M-3是联合组相比单一V.spiralis组或单一MB组微生物群落P代谢功能增强的主要贡献者.本研究还首次发现了Erysipelotrichaceae科微生物可作为沉积物中潜在的除磷菌.研究结果表明MB和沉水植物联合控制沉积物磷技术可进一步应用到富营养化湖泊沉积物控制工程.     

7种改性水稻秸秆对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为实现废弃水稻秸秆资源化利用及其治理水环境中Cd²⁺的污染问题,用KMnO₄、KOH、H₂O₂、KOH+H₂O₂、酒石酸、柠檬酸、TiO₂对水稻秸秆进行改性,制成不同的水稻秸秆吸附剂来吸附溶液中的Cd²⁺,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和Zeta电位仪对改性前后的水稻秸秆进行表征分析,吸附过程采用准一级动力学方程、修正一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合.结果表明：在Cd²⁺初始浓度100mg/L,pH7,水稻秸秆添加量为10g/L,25℃条件下,7种改性水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果不同,其中经KMnO₄改性的水稻秸秆对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最好,吸附量达10.024mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率达到99.24%,比未改性水稻秸秆提高了99.44%,其次是KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性处理的水稻秸秆,吸附量分别达到了9.302和9.189mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率分别达92.62%和90.82%,比未改性水稻秸秆分别提高了85.07%和82.83%.改性处理水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果顺序为：KMnO₄ > KOH > KOH+H₂O₂ > TiO₂ > H₂O₂ > 柠檬酸 > 酒石酸.对于Cd²⁺的吸附过程,准一级速率方程只能较好地描述吸附初始阶段,准二级动力学方程则能很好地描述吸附的整个过程.经KMnO₄,KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性的水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的废水中Cd²⁺吸附剂.     

强化混凝和改性活性炭对二级出水DON的作用机制

探讨强化混凝和改性活性炭对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮（DON）作用机制,分析相对分子量以及亲疏水组分变化,并考察氯化消毒副产物生成势变化特征,结合三维荧光（3DEEM）光谱分析手段,对强化混凝和活性炭吸附前后DON组成,化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明：强化混凝可以明显提高DON的去除效果,DON去除率通过pH值强化混凝提高到1.45倍,臭氧强化混凝提高到2.06倍,PAC强化混凝提高到2.09倍,PAM强化混凝提高到1.96倍.活性炭对DON吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型.DON吸附过程中,酸改性活性炭表面主要是π-π色散力作用机理,而碱改性活性炭表面主要是给电子-受电子复合物形成机制.在强化混凝和活性炭吸附作用下,DON的相对分子量和组分发生较大变化,而消毒副产物的生成势大幅下降.经3DEEM和光谱区域体积积分法（FRI）分析,在强化混凝和活性炭吸附过程中DON及消毒副产物生成潜势与荧光区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ所代表物质有关.     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺在重庆某污水处理厂的应用

介绍了重庆某污水处理厂改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺的构造、原理与主要设计参数,总结了该工艺的低温启动经验。11个月的稳定运行表明,系统在进水BOD5、CODcr、NH3-N、TN和TP浓度分别为67 mg/L～264 mg/L、281 mg/L～902 mg/L、10.1 mg/L～37.8 mg/L、20.4 mg/L～72.7 mg/L和3.1 mg/L～12.3 mg/L条件下,去除率分别达到96.3%～99.1%、90.8%～99.6%、78.2%～99.4%、63.6%～89.9%和80.6%～98.4%,各项出水指标达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标准。     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.