进水有机负荷对三级生物滴滤池脱氮除磷的影响

试验采用三级(好氧/兼氧/好氧)多层组合填料生物滴滤池处理模拟生活污水,探索强化脱氮除磷工艺。考察了在相同水力负荷和布水周期下,改变进水有机负荷对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP去除率的影响,并用扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)对填料进行辅助分析。研究结果表明,三级串联生物滴滤池的组合相比传统的单级或两级生物滴滤池反应器处理效果更好。第1级和第2级生物滴滤池去除COD、NH_4~+-N和TN效果较好,贡献率合计分别为93.0%、91.2%和91.4%。第1级和第3级生物滴滤池除磷效果较好,贡献率合计91.4%。有机负荷为0.328~0.392 kg/(m~3·d)时,系统总体去除效果最好。     

运用批实验研究溶解氧对米酒去除硝酸盐的影响

为了判别不同溶解氧条件下脱氮效果和碳的需求量,在水温为25~30℃条件下,设置了缺氧、微氧和有氧3种输入条件,以及C/N分别为2.0、1.5两种碳源投放量开展实验。研究表明:溶解氧的存在对反硝化作用的启动有延迟作用,但影响较小。溶解氧对于反硝化过程并没有产生明显的抑制作用,但在溶解氧较低的情况下,反硝化速率更为理想。缺氧条件下,C/N的适宜值应低于1.5;微氧条件下的C/N适宜值在1.5~2.0;而在有氧条件下C/N=2.0时可高效去除硝酸盐。该研究可为农村地区家庭自行去除饮用水中硝酸盐的实际应用提供参考。     

On the effect of Fe(III) on proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa at high nitrate and low chlorophyll condition

The impact of Fe concentrations on the growth of Microcystisaeruginosa in aquatic systems under high nitrate and low chlorophyll conditions was studied. The responses of cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a intracellular Fe content and organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa to different concentration gradients of Fe(III) in the solutions were analysed. The results showed that the proliferation speeds of M. aeruginosa were: (1) decelerated when the Fe(III) concentration was lower than 50 μg/L in the solutions, (2) promoted and positively related to the increase of Fe(III) concentration from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions over the experimental period, and (3) promoted in the early stage but decelerated in later stages by excess adsorption of Fe by cells when the Fe(III) concentration was higher than 500 μg/L in the solutions. The maximum cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a were all observed at 500 μg Fe(III)/L concentration. The organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa was also affected by the concentration of Fe(III) in the solutions, and the molecular formula of M. aeruginosa should be expressed as C_7–7.5H₁₄O_0.8–1.3N_3.5–5 according to the functions for different Fe(III) concentrations. Cell carbon and oxygen content appeared to increase slightly, while cell nitrogen content appeared to decrease as Fe(III) concentrations increased from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions. This was attributed to the competition of photosynthesis and nitrogen adsorption under varying cell Fe content.     

Bioavailability of wastewater derived dissolved organic nitrogen to green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Chlorella vulgaris with/without presence of bacteria

Effluent dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is problematic in nutrient sensitive surface waters and needs to be reduced to meet demanding total dissolved nitrogen discharge limits. Bioavailable DON (ABDON) is a portion of DON utilized by algae or algae + bacteria,while biodegradable DON (BDON) is a portion of DON decomposable by bacteria. ABDON and BDON in a two-stage trickling filter (TF) wastewater treatment plant was evaluated using three different microalgal species, Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris and mixed cultured bacteria. Results showed that up to 80% of DON was bioavailable to algae or algae + bacteria inoculum while up to 60% of DON was biodegradable in all the samples. Results showed that C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris can be used as a test species the same as S. capricornutum since there were no significant differences among these three algae species based on their ability to remove nitrogen species.     

自养脱氮污泥的亚硝化活性恢复策略

为考察自养脱氮污泥亚硝化活性快速恢复的策略,在3个反应器内分别采用不同的方法对经过长期冷冻保存后的污泥进行了恢复活性的研究.其中R1为MBR(膜生物反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)连续流恢复策略;R2为SBR(序批式反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)间歇流恢复策略;R3为SBR,采用低ρ(NH₄+-N)预培养-高曝气-低ρ(DO)运行三阶段的恢复策略.结果表明,R1的恢复时间为46 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.99 mg/(h·g)(以N计),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.43 g/L;R2的恢复时间为39 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到4.61 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到4.47 g/L;R3的恢复时间为48 d,NH₄+-N氧化速率达到5.64 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.16 g/L. 3个反应器均能长期抑制亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的活性,使亚硝化稳定运行. 3个反应器中,R3恢复所需时间最长,但污泥活性最好; R1中的污泥活性较低,但是膜组件有效截留了污泥,达到了最高的ρ(MLSS).研究显示,通过厌氧预培养后转为膜生物反应器连续流运行的策略,可有助于污泥的极大保留及污泥活性的最大恢复.      

分光光度法测定总氮的准确度研究

采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮时常出现空白值偏高、样品平行性较差、实验准确度不高等现象.为此,从总氮的测定过程出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的主要因素,有利于提高水质总氮测定的准确度.结果表明,分析试剂纯度、实验用水水质、器皿的清洗程度等对总氮的测定均有一定影响,适当延长消解时间与提高消解温度也有利于降低总氮的空白值.因此可通过优化各实验条件来提高实验的准确性,以保证实验室的设备仪器、检测人员和环境等条件满足分析要求.     

太湖流域污水处理厂低温生物脱氮运行模式研究

以苏州工业园区第二污水厂在冬季低温下的实际运行为例,重点分析了低温生物脱氮的影响因子,并探讨影响低温生物脱氮的因素.根据污水处理厂冬季水温特征和低温脱氮影响规律,结合污水厂运行经验和数据分析提出太湖流域污水厂低温生物脱氮的适合措施,以达到低温下保证运行效果使出水达标,并结合冬季低温下太湖流域污水厂的特点,为保证总氮出水达标提出来了相应的解决方案和措施.     

河北平原潮土中微生物对氮降解特征

了解土壤中微生物对氮素降解规律,对于土壤氮污染修复具有重要现实意义.从河北平原潮土中筛选出8种高效氨化细菌、硝化细菌、异养硝化好氧反硝化细菌,对所筛菌种进行16S r DNA分析,选出最适菌株通过固定化载体将菌种制成菌剂.探讨了用加入所筛菌种及拮抗菌的菌液和地表水分别滴灌小白菜对土壤中的氮降解产生的影响,并测定土样磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的值.结果表明:以硅藻土为载体硝化细菌的氨氮降解率达到38%,硝态氮合成率为205%;以硅藻土为载体的氨化细菌氨氮合成率为1 711%,异养硝化好氧反硝化细菌的硝态氮降解率达到367%.加所筛菌液滴灌对土壤总氮和氨氮的降解效果较好,硝化作用也较强,加菌后土壤中微生物量明显增加,且更快到达峰值.对不同土样不同时间磷脂脂肪酸数据分析发现,在白菜生长过程中,土壤中的微生物含量均产生了1次峰值,且加入所筛菌的先到达峰值.对于任丘和阜城土样来说,加入所筛菌后,土壤中微生物种类相应增多,对土壤微生物环境有所改善,微生物也比较活跃.     

间歇曝气SBR与传统SBR处理养猪沼液的比较研究

采用间歇曝气序批式反应器(intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor,IASBR)和传统序批式反应器(SBR)处理养猪沼液,研究进水中化学需氧量(COD)与总氮(TN)比值(COD/TN)和运行负荷对污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在进水COD/TN约为2.2、氨氮负荷为(0.12±0.04)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别为97.2%±4.4%、81.5%±7.5%、88.5%±2.4%,优于SBR的78.3%±19.6%、79.8%±4.9%、86.6%±3.2%;当氨氮负荷提高至(0.18±0.02)kg·(m3·d)-1时,IASBR中的氨氮、TN和有机物去除率略有降低,分别为92.4%±7.3%、77.5%±5.3%、86.4%±2.2%,但仍然优于SBR中的相应去除率78.1%±15.4%、61.8%±11.2%、81.8%±5.6%.在氨氮负荷为(0.20±0.01)kg·(m3·d)-1下,提高进水COD/TN至约3.0,则IASBR和SBR的污染物去除能力较进水COD/TN为2.2时有显著提升,IASBR中氨氮、TN和有机物去除率分别达到99.6%±0.2%、91.5%±2.9%和92.0%±0.9%,仍然高于SBR的90.2%±1.4%、83.0%±1.9%、90.2%±0.5%.总体而言,相较SBR,IASBR对TN和氨氮的去除更高效、耐冲击负荷能力更强,因此对养猪沼液等低碳氮比的废水更为适用.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体中氨氧化和反硝化微生物的影响

凤眼莲近年来广泛应用于富营养化淡水湖泊的生态修复中,但其对微生物的相互作用和对水体中氮素的去除鲜有报道.本研究在氮素去除过程中对比凤眼莲和细菌的相对重要性,并且检测浮游植物对硝化细菌和反硝化细菌相对丰度及多样性的影响.水体中氮素的去除率以及硝化和反硝化作用的潜在能力使用定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCRs)对硝化作用基因amoA和反硝化作用基因nirS/K进行检测,从微观角度研究富营养化水体中是否会受到凤眼莲存在的影响.结果表明,TN的减少在70d的实验周期中所有处理组表现较为一致,但凤眼莲存在的实验组在24h内TN和NH_4~+-N的去除上有显著的降低,并且amoA的丰度有所增加,nirS/K的丰度有所降低.T-RFLP结果表明亚硝化单胞菌在氨氧化微生物中占优势.凤眼莲的种植可以实现富营养化水体中NH_4~+-N的快速有效减少,且微生物的相互作用可以充分利用到淡水生态系统的修复中.