超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

采用超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类,并对超声波机的功率、水浴温度和萃取时间进行优化.试验表明：方法在0mg/L～80.0mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9997;方法检出限为6.00μg/L,当取土壤样品10.0g时,方法检出限为0.03mg/kg;空白土壤的加标回收率为97.4% ～103%;测定实际土壤样品的RSD为3.0% ～3.9%.通过比较超声波萃取、四氯化碳热浸法和快速溶剂萃取法的前处理效果,显示出超声波萃取法的优越性.     

Fatty acid profile and elemental content of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) oil –effect of extraction methods

Interest in vegetable oil extracted from idioblast cells of avocado fruit is growing. In this study, five extraction methods to produce avocado oil have been compared: traditional solvent extraction using a Soxhlet or ultrasound, Soxhlet extraction combined with microwave or ultra-turrax treatment and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Traditional Soxhlet extraction produced the most reproducible results, 64.76 ± 0.24 g oil/100 g dry weight (DW) and 63.67 ± 0.20 g oil/100 g DW for Hass and Fuerte varieties, respectively. Microwave extraction gave the highest yield of oil (69.94%) from the Hass variety. Oils from microwave extraction had the highest fatty acid content; oils from SFE had wider range of fatty acids. Oils from Fuerte variety had a higher monounsaturated: saturated FA ratio (3.45–3.70). SFE and microwave extraction produced the best quality oil, better than traditional Soxhlet extraction, with the least amount of oxidizing metals present.     

Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: An overview

Citrus waste accounts for more than half of the whole fruit when processed for juice extraction. Among valorisation possibilities, anaerobic digestion for methane generation appears to be the most technically feasible and environmentally friendly alternative. However, citrus essential oils can inhibit this biological process. In this paper, the characteristics of citrus essential oils, as well as the mechanisms of their antimicrobial effects and potential adaptation mechanisms are reviewed. Previous studies of anaerobic digestion of citrus waste under different conditions are presented; however, some controversy exists regarding the limiting dosage of limonene for a stable process (24–192 mg of citrus essential oil per liter of digester and day). Successful strategies to avoid process inhibition by citrus essential oils are based either on recovery or removal of the limonene, by extraction or fungal pre-treatment respectively.     

活化温度对竹柳基活性炭性能及其制备过程中副产物组成的影响

以一种常见的环境修复材料竹柳为原料来制备竹柳基活性炭(WAC),考察了不同活化温度(400、450、500、550、600℃和650℃)对WAC性质及其除污染性能的影响,同时评估了制备过程中气态和液态副产物的生成规律与利用潜能.结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,WAC产率下降,热解油产率上升,而热解气产率相对稳定.六组WAC均具有较高的比表面积(BET),最高可达1526 m2·g-1,但BET值随活化温度的升高呈下降趋势;WAC的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值最高可达1122.25 mg·g-1和415.50 mg·g-1,对重金属Pb2+和硝基苯的最大吸附量分别为9.20mg·g-1和4.21 mmol·g-1.WAC制备过程中热解气主要组分为H2、CH4、CO和CO2,随活化温度升高,H2和CH4含量上升,CO2含量下降,热解气的总燃烧热值升高.热解油的组分较为复杂,杂环类、烷烃类、烯烃类和有机酸类有机物含量较高,且随活化温度变化明显,在活化温度为650℃时,热解油的燃烧热最大.     

降低油品在储运过程中损耗的措施

论述了油品蒸发损耗带来的严重危害,分析油品损耗产生的原因,针对收、发、储、过程中所暴露出来的问题,采取适当的降耗措施,解决油品储运过程中的损耗。     

Vegetable Oil Spills - Pollution Or Over-Cautiousness?

Vegetable oil spills are relatively uncommon compared to those of mineral oil in the marine environment. Evidence from the spillages that have occurred indicate that they can cause the death of animals in the vicinity through suffocation, inhibition of feeding and other non-specific toxic effects. Smothering of the intertidal area may lead to the development of anoxic conditions with associated changes in species diversity. Polymerisation appears to be a key process in determining the persistence of these oils in the intertidal region. Experiments have indicated that indigenous bacteria are capable of degrading the oil until it polymerises and work is being directed towards determining mechanisms to aid in the degradation process. in conclusion, vegetable oils are pollutants although the risk to the marine environment is small but that does not mean we should not be prepared for such events.     

Treatment of effluent from re‐refined lubricating oils by combined processes of coagulation,flocculation, and Fenton process

This work examines the possibility and the potential application of physicochemical processes (coagulation and flocculation) and advanced oxidative processes (Fenton Process) in the treatment of effluents from the re‐refining of used lubricating oils.     

钦州湾近20a来水环境指标变化趋势Ⅱ油类的分布特征及其污染状况

利用1983—1999年8个航次对钦州湾的调查资料，描述了不同时期油类分布特征，讨论了油类含量与环境因子之间的关系，并对该湾油类的污染程度进行了分析。结果表明：该湾油类多具有害夏季明显高于秋冬季、开发初期明显高于中、后期的分布特征；与环境因子之间的关系以秋季较为密切，冬季次之，春夏季较差，其中物理过程及营养盐的阵解作用占主导控制地位，生物过程次之；其污染状况以1983—1984年较为严重，1996—1997年次之，1990年和1999年水质状况较好。     

特种生物标志物作为溢油指示物（或指标）的研究

用毛细管GC－MS对不同水环境中不同油类的特种生物标志物进行检测，结果表明，异戊二烯烷烃类姥鲛烷与植烷的比值在两个多月的风化过程中不受风化的影响；萜烷和甾烷的某些比值参数在一年的风化过程中（或室内自然放置4年）不受风化的影响。姥鲛烷与植烷的比值可以作为风化两个多月的溢油指示物（或指标）；萜烷和甾烷比值可以作为风化一年（或室内自然放置4年）的溢油指示物（或指标）。     

海洋风化溢油鉴别中特殊芳烃标志物的应用

对母质来源、沉积环境和成熟度各异的原油样品进行风化模拟实验,并对实验产物进行GC-MS分析,最后基于油气地球化学手段对多环芳烃风化溢油鉴别的可行性、原理、常用指标等进行探讨,结果表明,不同油样中同一芳烃生物标志化合物比值参数鼍值问有显著性差异;对同一油样的风化和未风化样品而言,同一烷基化多环芳烃特征比值参数的变异系数为6.51%-17.68%,而成熟度指标的变异系数通常小于8%;芳烃中烷基萘和"三芴"的分布特征、甲基萘指数、甲基菲指数和烷基化多环芳烃同系物的双比率可以作为重风化溢油鉴别的有效指标.