废食用油生物柴油的制备及其掺烧时的动力与排放特性

为了查明生物柴油对环境的影响以及废食用油制备的生物柴油对发动机性能和排放特性的影响,研究了生物柴油环境生命周期评价及其对环境的影响以及废食用油生物柴油的生产工艺流程,即甲醇与废食用油在催化剂作用下发生酯交换反应生产出生物柴油.所制备的生物柴油和柴油,按20%和50%掺混后在2台车用增压直喷式柴油机上进行了台架动力和排放特性的测试.试验结果表明,与柴油相比,掺混燃料的动力性和油耗率分别约有3%的下降和8%的上升,烟度、HC、CO和PM排放降低幅度最大分别达65%、11%、33%和13%,而NO_x排放有不同程度的上升.本研究表明,发动机燃用低比例的生物柴油掺混燃料,在发动机不作任何改动和调整时,可以在经济性、动力性和排放等方面取得令人满意的综合结果.     

环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常见问题探讨

针对环境监测水中石油类、动植物油实验分析常出现的问题,从仪器、废水中的乳化现象、分析试剂的精制、地表水采样、准确度分析、测油的危害及安全防护等多个方面进行探讨,并提出对策。     

Application of waste frying oils in the biosynthesis of biodemulsifier by a demulsifying strain Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1

Exploration of biodemulsifiers has become a new research aspect. Using waste frying oils (WFOs) as carbon source to synthesize biodemulsifiers has a potential prospect to decrease production cost and to improve the application of biodemulsifiers in the oilfield. In this study, a demulsifying strain, Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1, was investigated to synthesize a biodemulsifier using waste frying oils as carbon source. It was found that the increase of initial pH of culture medium could increase the biodemulsifier yield but decrease the demulsification ratio compared to that using paraffin as carbon source. In addition, a biodemulsifier produced by waste frying oils and paraffin as mixed carbon source had a lower demulsification capability compared with that produced by paraffin or waste frying oil as sole carbon source. Fed-batch fermentation of biodemulsifier using waste frying oils as supplementary carbon source was found to be a suitable method. Mechanism of waste frying oils utilization was studied by using tripalmitin, olein and tristearin as sole carbon sources to synthesize biodemulsifier. The results showed saturated long-chain fatty acid was difficult for S-XJ-1 to utilize but could effectively enhance the demulsification ability of the produced biodemulsifier. Moreover, FT-IR result showed that the demulsification capability of biodemulsifiers was associated with the content of C=O group and nitrogen element.     

影响动植物油测定因素的分析

随着经济的发展,生活水平的提高,动植物油的使用量日益增加。水体中动植物油的污染也日益加剧,准确测定水体中动植物油的含量显得十分重要。实验中用食用植物油配制标准样品按照红外分光光度法(GB/16488-1996)进行测定。在测定过程中从比色皿、硅酸镁、pH、分样、材质等几个角度进行讨论,以期改进测定过程,获得更加准确的测定结果。     

红外光度法测定样品中石油类和动植物油存在问题的探讨

对国标中水质石油类和动植物油类的红外分光光度法测定实际样品时存在的采样量、萃取破乳、吸附分离步骤中出现的问题进行探讨和改进方法的尝试实验,并对国内外分析土壤、污水处理厂污泥、油田含油污泥样品中石油类的测定方法做了概括归纳及初步探讨。     

便携式多气体检测仪在石油类土壤污染场地快速筛查中的应用

在被石油及其产品等有机化合物污染的土壤中,采用便携式多气体检测仪进行土壤气的测试,是一种新的土壤有机污染物的调查方法,可以实现土壤污染程度快速筛查的目的。为此,快速的判断石油类场地的污染状况,从而有目的、有针对性的采集水土样送实验室作细化分析,也避免污染场地样品采集的盲目性。