土坝漫坝模糊风险分析

对土坝枢纽的事故风险进行识别、对各种失事形式的影响因素的不确定性,特别是模糊不确定性进行分析;考虑设计变量取值的模糊性与大坝失效准则的模糊性,建立了在洪水和风浪共同作用下的漫坝模糊风险模型;然后研究该漫坝模糊风险模型的求解方法,即引入α水平截集的概念,经过模糊化处理后用常规的JC法计算漫坝模糊失事概率.最后,对广西澄碧河水库的漫坝模糊风险进行了实例计算和评价.计算结果表明,随着防洪限制水位的提高,漫坝模糊风险也随之增大,当防洪限制水位从185.00m提高到186.90 m时,该大坝的模糊风险期望值在不考虑防浪墙的作用时为6.03×10-5,在考虑防浪墙作用时为2.698×10-5,均小于其容许风险标准7.12×10-5.据此,可将该水库的风险水位提高1.9 m,从而增加兴利库容76.00×106 m3.考虑漫坝风险的模糊性使失事风险的计算结果更加合理,风险评价更加符合工程实际,将模糊参数进行模糊化处理后,可直接采用现有传统风险计算方法计算失事概率.本文方法便于在工程中推广应用.     

Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

An older urban district in Wuhan, China, is transitioning from discharging sewage and stormwater directly into lakes, to directing the sewage to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dealing with polluted stormwater discharge is a great challenge. Stormwater runoff from an urban catchment with a combined sewer system was sampled and analyzed over a three-year period. Results indicate that wet weather flows account for 66%, 31%, 17%, and 13% of the total load of suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The first flush of COD and SS was significant in all runoff events. More than 50% of the SS and COD loads were transported by the first 30% of runoff volume. Storage and treatment of the first 10 mm from each combined sewer overflow event could reduce more than 70% of the annual COD overflow load. An integrated solution is recommended, consisting of a tank connected to the WWTP and a detention pond, to store and treat the combined sewer overflow (CSO). These results may be helpful in mitigating CSO pollution for many other urban areas in China and other developing countries.     

苏南老城区合流制管网的溢流污染特征

为了解苏南某市老城区合流制管网溢流污染特征,在苏南某市D排水系统溢流口采集了2种不同降雨强度的水样,检测水样中COD、SS、TN、TP和NH3-N等污染指标的浓度,并对不同降雨强度的水质变化特征与相关性进行分析。结果表明:较高降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为37~695 mg/L、119~1 441 mg/L、6.2~26 mg/L、2.3~6.3 mg/L、0.07~1.48 mg/L;较低降雨强度下SS、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的浓度变化范围分别为22~228 mg/L、180~535 mg/L、7.9~24.7 mg/L、3.2~24.2 mg/L 1.1~1.99 mg/L。由于不同降雨强度下雨污水冲击能量不同,在降雨强度较高的情况下,COD、TN与SS的线性相关系数分别为0.6954与0.6234,具有一定的相关性,而低降雨强度下无明显相关性。较高降雨强度时截留去除SS可以有效消减溢流污水中的COD和TN,对溢流污染的控制具有一定指导意义。     

双向旋流污水净化器处理溢流污水

介绍了双向旋流絮凝沉淀一体化污水净化器的结构特点及运行机理,其具有双旋流室和悬浮过滤层的结构提高了对污水的净化效率。利用双向旋流净化器对镇江市溢流污水进行处理,对装置的分离性能和运行的稳定性进行了研究,实验结果表明,双向旋流器在絮凝剂PAC投加量为150 mg/L,入口流量在1.5 m3/h,水力停留时间为10 min条件下对溢流污水的处理效果较好,COD、SS、TN和TP的去除率分别为70.0%、97.7%、71.2%和78.6%。装置连续运行3 h对COD和SS的平均去除率分别在65%和96%以上。     

FGD系统中吸收塔浆液起泡溢流的原因分析及解决办法

在石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫（FGD）工艺系统中,吸收塔浆液溢流是较为常见的现象,它对FGD系统的稳定运行非常不利。通过分析产生吸收塔浆液溢流的各种原因,提出解决吸收塔浆液溢流的办法,保证脱硫系统的稳定运行。     

合流制排水管道雨季出流污染负荷研究

针对北京城区合流制排水管道雨季溢流及雨后河道水质恶化等问题,研究了3场降雨期间合流制排水系统不同来源的污染物特性及污染贡献.通过对2012年雨季几场降雨的降雨量数据监测与统计发现,护城河沿岸合流制排水系统累积雨量约10 mm时发生溢流.特大暴雨情况下,溢流水质的污染物平均浓度高于排水系统旱流污水的污染物浓度,溢流水质差,污染物浓度范围为:TN 5.11 ～ 16.36 mg·L-1,TP 4.34 ～10.52 mg·L-1,氨氮1.88～12.73 mg·L-1,COD 134～250 mg·L-1,SS 120 ～155 mg·L-1.管道沉积物在降雨期间对出流水质的污染贡献率分别为:TN 20.9％ ～44.6％,TP 35.76％～47.3％,COD 46.2％ ～48.8％,SS 35.7％ ～79.7％.控制合流制排水管道沉积物的沉积和冲刷对排水系统的正常运行及削减雨季出流污染负荷具有重要意义.     

Diffuse pollution loading from urban stormwater runoff in Daejeon city, Korea

In this paper, stormwater runoff from an urban watershed with combined sewer systems located in Daejeon metropolitan city, Korea, was characterized to measure the stormwater runoff discharge rates and pollutant concentrations. The observed averaged event mean concentrations (EMCs) of combined sewer overflows (CSO) were 536.1mg TSS/L, 467.7 mg TCODcr/L, 142.7 mg TBOD/L, 16.5mg TN/L, and 13.5mg TP/L. A detention basin was proposed to reduce CSO, and its essential design elements were discussed. The first flush significantly affected contaminant constituents in the descending order of suspended solid>organics>nutrients. Storage volumes for containing the first flush to improve water quality of the receiving stream can be estimated based on the total suspended solid loading. In this study, detention of the first flush equivalent to 5mm of precipitation could reduce CSO-induced diffuse pollution loading to a receiving water body by up to 80% of the total suspended solid loading.     

海上溢油回收技术研究及发展

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

雨水调蓄池与苏州河市政泵站排江污染削减分析

雨天苏州河延岸市政泵站的排江污染是造成苏州河水质不稳定的原因之一,在兼顾防汛与截污的基础上,对延岸大泵站建设雨水调蓄池是削减苏州河排江污染负荷的重要工程,通过对成都路调蓄池试运行研究,估算每年可削减成都路泵站排江量50%以上,削减CODcr 11.53吨、SS 4.76吨。     

SCR脱硝系统中液氨环境风险性评价

从危害度和危险度两个方面对脱硝系统中的液氨环境风险事故进行分析,并提出风险防范措施和应急预案,为同类项目的液氨环境风险评价提供参考。