浅论建筑消防安全性能化评估技术

建筑消防安全性能化设计以其灵活性、科学性、经济性和有效性等优点受到了国际社会越来越多的重视,并在很多国家得到了应用。性能化评估作为性能化设计的核心环节,直接关系到性能化设计方案的成败。如何进行性能化评估,如何对性能化设计方案的评价和论证,如何设定相应的消防安全性能评估程序等等问题,都值得深入探讨。从建筑消防安全性能化设计的优点及其评估的重要性入手,从性能化评估的作用和必要性出发,深入分析了建筑消防安全性能化评估与性能化设计的关系;探讨了建筑消防安全性能化评估的步骤、流程、判定标准及其量化指标;并对国际上常用于性能化评估的3种典型的火灾风险评估模型进行了详细对比分析,并提出了进行性能化评估时需注意的一些关键问题。     

Radionuclides in cigarettes may lead to carcinogenesis via p16 inactivation

It is widely accepted that tobacco smoke is responsible for the vast majority of lung cancers worldwide. There are many known and suspected carcinogens present in cigarette smoke, including α-emitting radioisotopes. Epidemiologic studies have shown that increased lung cancer risk is associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, and it is estimated that the majority of smoking-induced lung cancers may be at least partly attributable to the inhaled and deposited radiation dose from radioisotopes in the cigarette smoke itself. Recent research shows that silencing of the tumor suppressor gene p16p>INK4ap> (p16) by promoter methylation plays a role in smoking-related lung cancer. Inactivation of p16 has also been associated with lung cancer incidence in radiation-exposed workers, suggesting that radionuclides in cigarette smoke may be acting with other compounds to cause smoking-induced lung cancer. We evaluated the mechanism of ionizing radiation as an accepted cause of lung cancer in terms of its dose from tobacco smoke and silencing of p16. Because both radiation and cigarette smoking are associated with inactivation of p16, and p16 inactivation has been shown to play a major role in carcinogenesis, ionizing radiation from cigarette smoke likely plays a role in lung cancer risk. How large a role it plays, relative to chemical carcinogens and other modes of action, remains to be elucidated.     

Contribution of sociodemographic characteristics, occupation, diet and lifestyle to DDT and DDE concentrations in serum and adipose tissue from a Bolivian cohort

The organochlorine pesticide p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was widely used in the early 1960s-70s for vector control in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Due to its persistence, DDT has a high potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain and living organisms and is a major public health concern, especially in South America.The main purpose of the present study was to investigate predictors of serum and adipose tissue concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its main metabolite, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), in an adult cohort (n = 112) from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, using multiple linear regression models. These models explained 29.3-47.8% of the variability in adipose tissue concentrations of p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE, respectively, and 32.9-47.0% of that in serum. Main exposure predictors included age, occupational class, residence, diet, smoking habit, and accumulated breastfeeding time.This is one of the few studies to explore predictors of human exposure to these chemicals using a multivariate approach in a South American population. Results show that predictors of human exposure to p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE in Santa Cruz de la Sierra may diverge from those found in other populations of the world, due to particular sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of this region.     

防洪物资储备决策方法初探

根据防洪抢险物资储备属于一种信息不全型决策问题的特点,本文提出了一种用于确定每年防灾物资准备量概率排序决策模型,并以孙不河流泥石流灾害预报火灾决策为例进行说明。     

On the moral acceptability of killing animals

According to a p80/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">rights viewp80/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> it is acceptable to kill animals if they are innocent threats or shields or are in a p80/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">lifeboat situation.p80/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> However, according to advocates of such a view, our practices of killing animals for food or scientific research may be morally unacceptable. In this paper we argue that, even if we grant the basic assumptions of a rights view, a good deal of killing of animals for food and scientific research continues to be morally acceptable.     

Radiation Effects on Blends of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) and Diatomites

Poly(p3q68258u6k38035/xxlarge949.gif" alt="epsi" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-caprolactone) (PCL) was blended with diatomaceous earth (diatomite) and irradiated with p3q68258u6k38035/xxlarge947.gif" alt="gamma" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-rays to introduce cross-linking between PCL molecules or both components. The unwashed diatomite containing a little of a volatile component showed high efficiency of introduction of cross-linking, whereas that with no volatile component showed low efficiency of introduction of cross-linking. Elongational viscosity, melt viscosity, and modulus of PCL/diatomite blend irradiated at various doses were significantly improved. Enzymatic degradation of the PCL/diatomite blend became faster than that of the PCL, though that of the blend irradiated became slower.     

Morphophysiological Rearrangements in Fish in Response to Pollution (in the Light of S.S. Shvarts' Theory)

The results of a study on morphophysiological variation in fish inhabiting a subarctic lake exposed to chronic industrial pollution are described using an example of cisco, Coregonus lavaretus. It is shown that indices of the heart, liver, kidneys, gills, and fatness in these fish are increased significantly and have retained increased values for the past 20 years. The observed changes are analyzed on the basis of biochemical data. The results of studies on the dynamics of hematological parameters in fish are used for characterizing the development of toxicosis. Adaptive rearrangements associated with an increase in the metabolic rate and the activation of protective systems in the fish are explained in the context of S.S. Schvarts' concept. The idea is proposed that the additional p6/xxlarge8220.gif" alt="ldquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">energy costp6/xxlarge8221.gif" alt="rdquo" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> of detoxification may be responsible for morphophysiological variation in fish under conditions of water pollution.     

Metabolic fate of dichloromethyl‐0,0‐diphenyl phosphonate (I) and dichloromethyl‐0,0‐di‐(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphonate (II) in/on rice plants∗

Abstractp> Metabolic fate of two dichloromethyl diaryl phosphonates (p>32p>P labelled) in/on rice plants was investigated. The test compounds were found to be less persistent on the surface of rice leaves with half lives 7.4 and 6.7 days respectively. Main degradation product from both the phosphonates were dichloromethyl phosphonic acid with trace of dichloromethyl‐O‐aryl phosphonate as a transitory intermediate product.