M‐(p‐Nitrobenzyl) pyridine as a spray reagent for the thin‐layer chromatographic detection of dimethyl tetrachloroterphthalate herbicide

Abstract

The developed thin‐layer chromatogram of DCPA (Dacthal) is sprayed with 4‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine chromogenic reagent followed by ammonium carbonate solution. The chromatogram is then heated in an oven at 130°C for 20 minutes. When cool, the chromatogram is sprayed with tetraethylenepentamine reagent. DCPA spots appear blue against a white background. The sensitivity of this test is about 1 μg. The procedure is useful to detect DCPA in water and in soil.     

Laboratory studies on volatilization and mineralization of 14c‐p,p'‐DDT in soil,release of bound residues and dissipation from solid surfaces

Abstract

In support of field data, laboratory studies were conducted on volatilization, mineralization and binding of ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT in soils at Sao Paulo. Incubation of soil for 6 weeks did not result in volatilized organics or mineralization; with >95% extractable radiocarbon in the form of p,p'‐DDT. Small amounts of bound residues (1.8%) were detected in soil. These data confirm the very slow dissipation of DDT in the field which presumably relates to the acidic pH of soil (4.5–4.8).

Bound ¹⁴C‐residues in soils treated with ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT at Praia Grande and Sao Paulo could be released (5–21%) by sulphuric acid treatment. The released residue had the composition: 69–90% DDT, 7–32% DDD and 0–3% DDE. Incubation of soil bound ¹⁴C‐residues with fresh inoculum for 3 months did not result in release of ¹⁴C.

Dissipation from wooden surfaces was fairly slow. After 20 weeks, 74% of the applied radioactivity could be recovered; 44% hexane‐non‐extractable.     

关于对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定硫化物方法的探讨

本文通过大量的实验证明对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定水中硫化物的吹气时间可由原来的25min缩短到10min,与原方法进行对照,其精密度和准确度符合要求。从而得出结论：将吹气时间原方法的25min缩短到10min,既节省了时间,又不影响方法的精密度和准确度。     

无锡某地区土壤中有机氯农药污染状况调查

调查分析了无锡市某地区土壤有机氯农药污染状况。数据表明,该地区土壤有机氯农药主要残留组分为p,p＇-DDE和p,p’-DDT,其浓度处于较低水平,对生态环境和人类健康无显著危害。     

变性高效液相色谱在大通量筛查基因突变中的应用

应用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)对已知序列的含外显子7的斑马鱼p53基因片段PCR产物进行突变检测,结果表明,通过克隆测序方法检测出的点突变,用DHPLC同样可以检出.且对该片段的最优化检测柱温为60℃,其特异性很好,敏感性大于95%.     

DNA聚合酶对PCR方法检测基因点突变的干扰分析

以野生型斑马鱼p53基因外显子7为目的片段,运用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC),比较分析三种常用的商品DNA聚合酶对聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术检测基因点突变的影响.DHPLC检测结果显示,Promega Shanghai公司Taq DNA聚合酶,Promega公司Taq DNA聚合酶和BD Biosciences公司高保真酶Advantage-HF2的分子突变频率分别为14.3%,5.95%和0.76%.通过DNA直接测序法确认表明,Promega公司Taq DNA聚合酶和BD Biosciences公司高保真酶Advantage-HF2的碱基突变频率分别为3.61×10-4和7.69×10-5.研究表明,不同的DNA聚合酶对PCR技术的检测结果有明显影响,高保真酶Advantage-HF2所造成的碱基错配率明显低于其它两种商业化Taq酶.     

Alternatives to biodiversity offsets for mitigating the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems

Globally, offset schemes have emerged in many statutory frameworks relating to development activities, with the aim of balancing biodiversity conservation and development. Although the theory and use of biodiversity offsets in terrestrial environments is broadly documented, little attention has been paid to offsets in stream ecosystems. Here we examine the application of offset schemes to stream ecosystems and explore whether they suffer similar shortcomings to those of offset schemes focused on terrestrial biodiversity. To challenge the applicability of offsets further, we discuss typical trajectories of urban expansion and their cascading physical, chemical and biological impacts on stream ecosystems. We argue that the highly connected nature of stream ecosystems and urban drainage networks can transfer impacts of urbanization across wide areas, complicating the notion of like‐for‐like exchange and the prospect of effectively mitigating biodiversity loss. Instead, we identify in‐catchment options for stormwater control, which can avoid or minimize the impacts of development on downstream ecosystems, while presenting additional public and private benefits. We describe the underlying principles of these alternatives, some of the challenges associated with their uptake, and policy initiatives being trialed to facilitate adoption. In conclusion, we argue that stronger policies to avoid and minimize the impacts of urbanization provide better prospects for protecting downstream ecosystems, and can additionally, stimulate economic opportunities and improve urban liveability.     

Cost shifting and other perverse incentives in biodiversity offsetting in India

Biodiversity offsetting aims to compensate for development‐induced biodiversity loss through commensurate conservation gains and is gaining traction among governments and businesses. However, cost shifting (i.e., diversion of offset funds to other conservation programs) and other perverse incentives can undermine the effectiveness of biodiversity offsetting. Additionality—the requirement that biodiversity offsets result in conservation outcomes that would not have been achieved otherwise—is fundamental to biodiversity offsetting. Cost shifting and violation of additionality can go hand in hand. India's national offsetting program is a case in point. Recent legislation allows the diversion of offset funds to meet the country's preexisting commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). With such diversions, no additional conservation takes place and development impacts remain uncompensated. Temporary additionality cannot be conceded in light of paucity of funds for preexisting commitments unless there is open acknowledgement that fulfillment of such commitments is contingent on offset funds. Two other examples of perverse incentives related to offsetting in India are the touting of inherently neutral offsetting outcomes as conservation gains, a tactic that breeds false complacency and results in reduced incentive for additional conservation efforts, and the clearing of native vegetation for commercial plantations in the name of compensatory afforestation, a practice that leads to biodiversity decline. The risks accompanying cost shifting and other perverse incentives, if not preempted and addressed, will result in net loss of forest cover in India. We recommend accurate baselines, transparent accounting, and open reporting of offset outcomes to ensure biodiversity offsetting achieves adequate and additional compensation for impacts of development.     

雷公藤新的降倍半萜成分

从贵州产雷公藤（ＴｒｉｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍｗｉｌｆｏｒｄｉＨｏｋＦ．）中分离得到８个化合物,其中一个为新的降倍半萜化合物雷公藤酮（１）,根据光谱（ＩＲ,１ＨＮＭＲ,１３ＣＮＭＲ,ＨＲＭＳ,ＣＤ等）数据分析并通过Ｘ射线晶体分析确定了结构;另外７个化合物分别鉴定为雷公藤素（２）,（±）６氧２（４′羟基３′,５′二甲氧苯基）３,７二氧杂二环［３．３．０］辛烷（３）,ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｉｆｏｒｄｉｎ（４）,雷公藤内酯酮（５）,雷公藤内酯醇（６）,雷公藤内酯甲（７）和对乙氧基乙酰替苯胺（８）．其中,３和８均为首次从该植物中分离得到．用二维核磁共振谱对３的氢谱和碳谱进行了指定     

湿式电除尘器技术分析

近期全国多地雾霾频发,空气质量恶化,为改善空气质量,国家出台了新的火电厂大气污染物排放标准,加强对于烟尘、SO2、NOx的排放控制。为满足新的排放标准,解决现运行电厂存在的细微颗粒物排放不达标、石膏雨以及蓝烟问题,湿式电除尘器作为控制大气复合污染物的精处理装置,可以作为烟囱前的最后一道技术把关。分析了湿式电除尘器除尘机理、结构特点以及布置方式,论述了国内外应用情况,并在此基础上就技术性和经济性两方面与干式电除尘器、袋式除尘器和电袋除尘器进行分析比较,可为电厂选型提供参考。