对中外军用伪装防护包装器材建设的认识与思考

我军伪装防护包装存在质量意识淡薄、标准化程度低、防护包装方法和材料单一等问题。通过研究和借鉴外军,尤其是发达国家伪装防护包装器材建设的成功经验,研制出我军新一代具有防光学侦察、雷达侦察、热红外侦察等多频谱隐身性能,又具有良好的环境适应性和操作使用性防护包装器材。     

浙江省包装印刷行业挥发性有机物排放特征及排放系数

本文通过2105年浙江省254家包装印刷企业的调查数据,剖析了该行业原辅料组分及挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染治理现状,并筛选出100家典型企业,按印刷工艺划分阐述包装印刷行业VOCs排放特征、核算VOCs排放系数.结果表明,浙江省近2/3包装印刷企业未能有效处理VOCs,且大部分企业仍使用溶剂型原辅料,主要排放污染因子为乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、乙醇、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯等9种物质.全省包装印刷行业VOCs平均排放系数为0.485 kg·kg~(-1),其中凹印工艺排放系数最高,为0.634 kg·kg~(-1).与物料衡算法计算值相比,由排放系数得到的排放量误差控制在15%以内.     

废弃塑料包装物的管理及资源、环境评价

由于塑料包装材料具有明显的资源优势,而获得广泛应用。但塑料材料的原料——石油,目前面临枯竭窘境。同时,塑料包装废弃物的处理存在巨大的环境压力。焚烧包括塑料包装废弃物在内的生活垃圾,用于发电,是日本曾经采取的方法。近年来,因存在难以逾越的生态环境问题,而逐渐废止。工业生态学的材料流的循环利用模式,是解决资源耗尽、废物充斥的理想方法。源头分离是城市固体废弃物资源化的前提条件。按塑料品种分类回收,以材料形式重复利用,保留了塑料的材料价值,还需要解决,再加工过程造成材料力学性能下降的问题。将单一品种塑料转化成单体,不同塑料品种的单体转化率有很大差距,缩合聚合物较高,而PP、PE等则不然。混合塑料的热裂解可获得化工原料和燃料,又达到减少垃圾总量和石油资源循环利用的效果,具有开发潜力。填埋方式占用土地又人为阻碍了有机垃圾回归生物圈。控制性堆肥对避免大量使用化肥、农药造成的生态环境灾难,再建农业生产的可持续性模式,发挥重要作用。生物降解塑料袋对堆肥的实施,具有特殊价值。PET和E-CO在食品包装某些应用领域有优势,而PVC食品包装物的使用和废弃后再利用都存在问题。     

我国塑料包装废物的产生和回收特性及管理对策

通过现场调查和资料调研,分析了塑料包装废物的流向和环境特征,总结了塑料包装废物回收的基本特点和经验教训,论述了塑料包装废物回收模式特点,深入分析了回收过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强塑料包装废物回收的管理对策. 结果表明:塑料包装是塑料制品中的重要构成部分,由于质量轻、回收体积大,不易回收,我国每年产生大量的塑料包装废物,城市生活垃圾填埋场成为塑料包装废物的主要流向和污染源. 目前我国塑料包装废物回收依托的是进城务工的个体回收者,与现阶段的国情相符合. 塑料污染问题不是短期内能解决的,必须采取长期的综合管理对策,如进行源头减量化、制定鼓励回收利用的经济政策、采取适宜的无害化处置方式等.      

纸塑铝复合包装废物的回收与再生利用现状

通过对典型的垃圾填埋场和复合包装再生利用企业的调研,分析了我国现有复合包装废物产生与回收再生利用的现状.并针对纸塑铝复合包装材料的结构和特点,对现有复合包装材料的再生利用技术进行研究比较,指出了我国复合包装回收利用过程中亟待解决的问题及未来的研究方向.     

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial bio-nano films for food packaging

This study prepared antibacterial nanocomposite films for food packaging from Montmorillonite, which was modified by quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CT), hexadecyl-tributyl phosphonium bromide (HD) and corn starch (CS). After this, it determined the antimicrobial activity of CS nanofilms against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Dispersion of silicate layers and starch nanocomposite films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results indicated that presence of quaternary ammonium salts enhanced clay dispersion, and the starch films incorporated with quaternary ammonium salts would provide potential use in food packaging as nanostructural materials. The nanofilms that were obtained based on the results of the antibacterial analysis were confirmed to have much stronger antibacterial properties than those in similar studies in the literature.     

包装箱用改性聚乙烯在干热气候中的老化行为

目的研究包装箱用改性聚乙烯塑料在极端气候环境下的老化特征与规律。方法在敦煌试验站对改性聚乙烯进行为期36个月的自然老化试验,分析缺口冲击强度的变化规律,采用扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱和凝胶色谱技术分析样品曝晒面的显微形貌、微观结构以及分子量及其分布变化情况。结果户外曝晒3个月时,样品表面出现大量连续裂纹,缺口冲击强度下降约40%,改性聚乙烯在干热环境下的老化以分子链的断链和氧化为主。结论改性聚乙烯在干热气候中老化迅速,其包装制品在使用中应尽可能减少户外曝晒时间。     

Risk analysis of a warehouse for the mixing, repackaging and distribution of organic chemicals

The EEC directive on ‘Major Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities’ has been implemented in Denmark. This means that risk analyses of some activities must be made before July 1989. One of the first plants that was analysed was a warehouse for the mixing, repackaging and distribution of organic chemicals. The analysis was performed as a commercial contract by Risø National Laboratory. The report has been submitted to the authorities but the plant has not yet been approved due to submission of a large amount of analyses of other plants. This paper illustrates how a risk analysis of a chemical plant can be made.     

Problems associated with ecological assessment of packaging

Current trends in the development of the world packaging market and the place of ecological tendencies in them suggest the need to analyse the present status of studies on the ecological assessment of packaging materials and packaging. The aim of this study is to present some aspects of ecological assessment of packaging. The methods and criteria of ecological assessment of packaging, including Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and ecological classification of packaging proposed by COBRO (Polish Packaging Research and Development Centre) in Warsaw were used. The considerations presented in the paper related to the general assumptions of ecological assessment of packaging materials and packaging point to the complexity of the problem and, at the same time, to the immediate interest and importance of studies in this field, particularly in terms of implementing a specific environmental protection policy.     

水平冲击对单元货物的影响

对分隔式单元货物和单件组合式单元货物进行了水平冲击试验。根据试验结果,分析了在托盘尺寸、中空结构、结构不紧凑等单元货物结构上存在的问题。提出了单元货物包装结构设计的建议。