活性污泥丝状菌膨胀的起因分析及控制措施

介绍近年来人们从污泥中新分离鉴定的一些丝状菌,如Herpetosiphon、杆菌属的Mycoides、Eikelboom属中021N、1701、0041和0803型等.曝气池中的泡沫是由放射菌纲的奴卡氏菌属产生的.活性污泥的絮凝体是一种含有蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物和灰分的物质,增加絮凝体数量和大小有利于污泥沉降,而丝状菌菌丝总长度增加则使污泥沉降性能下降.由于保持较高溶解氧浓度(≥2mg/L)和污泥有机负荷(F/M),在曝气池前设置接触混合池、投加氯、间歇式进水等能抑制丝状菌生长,故这些都是消除丝状菌膨胀的有效措施。     

纳米零价铁在水处理中的应用研究综述

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为最常用的纳米颗粒之一,在去除环境水体中的污染物方面开展了大量的研究.本篇综述通过系统全面地总结nZVI的相关进展,介绍nZVI的各个方面进而指导其发展方向.其中,研究内容主要包括制备方法、改性方式、去除不同水中污染物的作用机理和催化机理、在场地研究中的应用以及毒性作用机制.本文发现,纳米零价铁仍存在缺少综合评价方法、应用受限、各项研究不同步等问题.nZVI未来的发展,应具备考虑反应性、稳定性、迁移性、毒性的评价方法,避免同一改性材料在不同研究方向的时间差异性,让nZVI的应用更好地适用实地研究.     

Evaluation of nutrient limitation in aquatic ecosystems with nitrogen fixing bacteria

There has always been a great need for simple and accurate bioassays for evaluating nutrient limitation in aquatic ecosystems. Whereas organic carbon is usually considered to be the limiting nutrient for microbial growth in many aquatic ecosystems, there are, however, many water sources that are limited by phosphorus or nitrogen. A method named ＂nitrogen fixing bacterial growth potential＂ （NFBGP） test, which is based on pre-culturing of autochthonous （target） microorganisms was described. The method was applied to evaluate phosphorus or nitrogen nutrient limitation in lake and sewage water samples using an isolate of the nitrogen fixing bacterium, Azorhizobium sp. WS6. The results corresponded well to those from the traditional algal growth potential （AGP） test and the bacterial regrowth potential （BRP） test, suggesting that the NFBGP test is a useful supplementary method for evaluating the limiting nutrient, especially phosphorus, in an aquatic environment.     

一株对硫磷降解菌的诱变复壮研究

从长期施用对硫磷的土壤中筛选分离出1株能以对硫磷为唯一C源的菌株D10,研究微生物对有机磷农药的降解作用.鉴定表明,D10为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)微生物,该菌株对农药对硫磷的最大耐受质量浓度为1 800 mg/L,但D10对农药对硫磷的降解率仅为25%.本文通过D10诱变复壮试验提高对硫磷降解率,结果表明,经紫外线(18 W)辐照10 s后,D10对农药对硫磷降解率提高至49.1%; 用0.8%盐酸羟胺溶液振荡处理30 min后,降解率为69.6%; 用60%土壤浸出液振荡培养48 h后,降解率为53.9%.对D10进行上述条件下的复合诱变,对硫磷降解率可达到82.8%.高效降解菌的选育为提高微生物对农药的降解奠定了基础.此外,通过改进有机磷农药萃取的前处理方法,使紫外分光光度法检测简便、精确,与气相色谱法检测结果拟合较好,具有一定实用价值.     

3株油脂化工废水降解菌的分离鉴定

本研究从油脂化工废水处理装置中分离到３ 株降解脂肪酸和脂肪胺的功能菌,所筛选菌株对油脂化工生产废水有较好降解能力,其中 Ｆ Ａ２ 菌株对 Ｃ１８ 烯酸和 Ｃ１８ 伯胺作用４８ ｈ 的降解率分别为８８ ．８ ％ 和８２ ．３ ％ ．３株细菌分别归类于葡萄球菌属（ Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ） 和棒状菌群     

软锰矿与细菌催化氧化二氧化硫

研究了软锰矿与锰氧化细菌、氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化氧化二氧化硫的过程,探讨了细菌在软锰矿脱硫体系中所起的作用。结果表明:锰氧化细菌粘附于软锰矿上,氧化Mn(Ⅱ)为Mn(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅳ),强化软锰矿催化氧化二氧化硫效果;锰氧化细菌促进脱硫存在一个适应期,其后的强化作用随细菌浓度增加而增加;锰细菌与铁细菌存在协同效应,并与菌液组成的比例有关。     

微生物技术处理饮食服务业含油污水的实验研究

通过3次采自乌鲁木齐市鸿春园饭店不同时期排放的污水，经培养筛选出的28株具有较强除油能力的菌种回接污水后，其平均除油率达68%，其优选菌种回接污水24h后的除油率达90%，而同批污水自然存放10d后的除油率仅为29%。采用选培优良菌种集中快速处理，可以显著提高此类污水的处理效率。     

Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting

As a major reservoir of antibiotics, animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure. Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput sequencing during vacuum-type composting (VTC) and positive-pressure composting (PPC). The total detected ARGs and class I integrase gene (intI1) under VTC were significantly lower than that under PPC during each stage of the composting (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) which were identified based on sequencing information and correlation analysis decreased by 74.6% and 91.4% at the end of PPC and VTC, respectively. The composition of archaeal communities indicated that methane-producing archaea including Methanobrevibacter, Methanocorpusculum and Methanosphaera were dominant throughout the composting. Redundancy analysis suggested that Methanobrevibacter and Methanocorpusculum were positively correlated with all of the detected ARGs. Network analysis determined that the possible hosts of ARGs were different under VTC and PPC, and provided new sights about potential links between archaea and ARGs. Our results showed better performance of VTC in reducing ARGs and potential HPB and demonstrated that some archaea could also be influential hosts of ARGs, and caution the risks of archaea carrying ARGs.     

环丙沙星胁迫猪粪生物转化中抗性基因微生物响应分析

抗性基因（Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs）是一种新兴污染物,持续累积会引发环境健康风险,也可通过水平转移诱导耐药细菌产生,从而危害人类健康与国家生物安全.当前关于ARGs的研究多集中于水、土壤、大气等环境介质,固体废弃物领域ARGs研究尚局限于其丰度变化与影响因素方面,对抗生素-ARGs剂量-效应关系、导致ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应机制仍有待深入研究.基于此,开展了不同浓度水平环丙沙星（Ciprofloxacin,CIP）胁迫下猪粪堆肥试验,环丙沙星添加量分别为25 mg/kg（A25）、50 mg/kg（A50）、100 mg/kg（A100）,同时设置空白对照0 mg/kg（CK）.采用分子生物学手段、网络分析、统计学分析等方法,解析了不同浓度环丙沙星胁迫猪粪好氧堆肥过程中喹诺酮类ARGs丰度变化的微生物响应关系,并重点探讨了潜在宿主菌中致病菌的分布及其与ARGs的相关性.结果表明:①经堆肥处理,CK、A25和A100堆体中喹诺酮类ARGs总丰度均受到不同程度削减,A50堆体中ARGs总丰度未被削减（升高2.73倍）.而高温期除CK外,3个处理组中ARGs丰度均显著降低（P < 0.05）,表明堆肥高温期或是削减ARGs的关键阶段.②狭义梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、水微菌属（Aquamicrobium）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）及交替赤杆菌属（Altererythrobacter）既是堆肥环境中优势菌属,也是喹诺酮类ARGs潜在宿主微生物,主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）.③丰度较高的致病菌Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和链球菌（Streptococcus）是喹诺酮类ARGs的潜在宿主菌,且至堆肥腐熟期,仍有部分致病菌均未被完全去除,可见猪粪堆肥过程中存在ARGs向致病菌转移的环境健康风险.研究显示,加强高温期干预调控,是有效阻控ARGs环境污染行为的关键节点,研究可为固废资源化过程中ARGs环境健康风险防控提供参考.      

典型纳米金属氧化物对氨氧化菌Nitrosomonas europaea的生物胁迫影响

对比研究了3种典型纳米金属氧化物颗粒(NPs,包括纳米TiO2(n-TiO2),纳米CeO2(n-CeO2)和纳米ZnO(n-ZnO))在不同作用浓度下(0,0.1,1,10,50mg/L)对污水生物脱氮系统中代表性氨氧化菌─ Nitrosomonas europaea连续作用6h的毒性效应及作用规律.结果表明,3种NPs对N.europaea的生物胁迫效应与其投加浓度均呈正相关.其中,50mg/L的n-CeO2, n-ZnO与对照组相比,可显著降低N.europaea细菌浓度,破坏细胞膜完整性,抑制氨氧化速率.相同浓度条件下, n-ZnO对N.europaea的毒性影响最大, n-TiO2影响最小.虽然n-ZnO释放的Zn2+对N.europaea具有明显的毒性效应,但n-ZnO及其产生的尺寸效应仍是其生物胁迫产生的重要来源.