浅谈简化测定总磷的方法

采用简单快速的方法消解水体中浊度或色度的干扰,在制备总磷标准时可省略消解操作步骤,实验结果不受影响。     

臭氧应用于烟气净化的研究进展

烟气中所含的二氧化硫(SO2),氮氧化物(NOx),重金属汞(Hg)等污染物都能对人体健康及周围环境产生危害.本文综述了臭氧法应用于烟气净化的研究进展、工业应用及反应机理,探讨了臭氧同时脱硫脱硝脱汞的主要影响因素,介绍了臭氧发生技术的研究现状,并对臭氧应用于烟气净化进行了经济性分析,认为臭氧法脱除烟气中的多种污染物具有广泛的应用前景.     

A stochastic model for estimating sustainable limits to wildlife mortality in a changing world

Human-caused mortality of wildlife is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Assessing the population-level impact of fisheries bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife has typically relied upon deterministic methods. However, population declines are often accelerated by stochastic factors that are not accounted for in such conventional methods. Building on the widely applied potential biological removal (PBR) equation, we devised a new population modeling approach for estimating sustainable limits to human-caused mortality and applied it in a case study of bottlenose dolphins affected by capture in an Australian demersal otter trawl fishery. Our approach, termed sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments (SAMSE), incorporates environmental and demographic stochasticity, including the dependency of offspring on their mothers. The SAMSE limit is the maximum number of individuals that can be removed without causing negative stochastic population growth. We calculated a PBR of 16.2 dolphins per year based on the best abundance estimate available. In contrast, the SAMSE model indicated that only 2.3–8.0 dolphins could be removed annually without causing a population decline in a stochastic environment. These results suggest that reported bycatch rates are unsustainable in the long term, unless reproductive rates are consistently higher than average. The difference between the deterministic PBR calculation and the SAMSE limits showed that deterministic approaches may underestimate the true impact of human-caused mortality of wildlife. This highlights the importance of integrating stochasticity when evaluating the impact of bycatch or other human-caused mortality on wildlife, such as hunting, lethal control measures, and wind turbine collisions. Although population viability analysis (PVA) has been used to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality, SAMSE represents a novel PVA framework that incorporates stochasticity for estimating acceptable levels of human-caused mortality. It offers a broadly applicable, stochastic addition to the demographic toolbox to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality on wildlife.     

Four kinds of capping materials for controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from contaminated sediment using a static simulation experiment

• Lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) can effectively absorb phosphorus (P). • Water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) capping is effective for controlling P release. •Aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA) is an efficient P control material. •The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA is mainly in the form of NAIP. We determined the effects of quartz sand (QS), water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA), and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) thin-layer capping on controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from the sediment, using a static simulation experiment. The sediment in the experiment was sampled from Yundang Lagoon (Xiamen, Fujian Province, China), which is a eutrophic waterbody. The total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), and total organic carbon (TOC) levels in the overlying water were measured at regular intervals, and the changes of different P forms in WTPS, Al-PIA, and sediment of each system were analyzed before and after the test. The average TP reduction rates of LMB, Al-PIA, WTPS, and QS were 94.82, 92.14, 86.88, and 10.68%, respectively, when the release strength of sediment TP was 2.26–9.19 mg/(m²·d) and the capping strength of the materials was 2 kg/m². Thin-layer capping of LMB, WTPS, and Al-PIA could effectively control P release from the sediment (P<0.05). However, thin-layer capping of LMB, Al-PIA, and QS did not significantly reduce the release of ammonium N and organic matter (P > 0.05). Based on our results, LMB, Al-PIA, and WTPS thin-layer capping promoted the migration and transformation of easily released P in sediment. The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA mainly occurred in the form of NAIP.     

不同聚合度的聚磷酸铵灭火性能研究*

为考察聚磷酸铵（APP）干粉灭火剂的聚合度对其灭火性能的影响,选用3种不同聚合度的APP,结合其晶体结构、粒度分布及热性能测试,并通过粉体杯式燃烧器进行小尺寸灭火实验,对比3种样品的灭火性能及灭火机理,研究聚合度与其灭火性能的关系。热性能测试结果显示,聚合度的升高会导致APP的热稳定性下降,随着聚合度从80升至1 500,其初始分解温度从326.11 ℃降低至321.54 ℃,失重率从75.21%增加至79.66%。实验结果表明:随着APP聚合度的增加,火焰降温速率升高,最小灭火浓度（MEC）降低,灭火性能增强,当聚合度为1 500时,MEC为118.143 g/m3。聚合度的升高有助于APP在进入火场后更早、更充分地与火焰发生反应,从而使灭火性能得到提升。     

柱状V2O5/AC中V2O5的分布特征对烟气脱硫活性的影响

采用过量浸渍(XS)、等体积浸渍(PV)和半等体积浸渍(HPV)方法,分别制得3种柱状V₂O₅/AC催化剂,并对其脱硫能力进行评价.结果表明:尽管这3种方法制取的催化剂总w(V₂O₅)相同(均为0.5%),但V₂O₅在柱状颗粒中的分布差异却很大;其中半等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂外层w(V₂O₅)最高,等体积浸渍法的w(V₂O5)居中,过量浸渍法的w(V₂O₅)最低.脱硫前期,催化剂外层的w(V₂O₅)对脱硫活性的影响很大,外层w(V₂O₅)高的催化剂脱硫活性较高;脱硫后期,催化剂外层w(V₂O₅)对脱硫活性的影响变小,而内层w(V₂O₅)的影响变大,内层w(V₂O₅)高的催化剂脱硫活性较高.      

生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的形态及其磷素活化

采用修正的Hedley磷素分级方法研究了生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的形态分布,同时研究了鸡粪(含磷较高)和稻草(含磷较低)两种典型有机物料对矿化垃圾中不同形态磷的活化效应.结果表明,生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中,不同形态磷的含量表现出相似的趋势,仅树脂交换态磷和浓盐酸磷的含量存在明显差异;以氢氧化钠磷和磷灰石型磷构成的中度活性磷均为生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的主要赋存形态,分别占各自总磷的78%和74.9%,表明矿化垃圾中磷素具有高效利用的潜能.鸡粪和稻草均能显著活化矿化垃圾中的磷,而且鸡粪的磷活化效果优于稻草;氢氧化钠磷、磷灰石型磷和浓盐酸磷是矿化垃圾中活化磷的主要来源.     

湿地植物对污水中氮、磷去除效果的试验研究

采用室内试验和现场试验考察了黄花鸢尾、水葱和梭鱼草3种挺水植物对类污水处理厂二级出水中氮、磷的吸收速率、吸收容量和吸收贡献。结果表明:短期内,各种湿地植物污水中氮、磷的吸收速率比较稳定,但在整个生长周期内,各种植物对氮、磷的吸收速率却有较大变化,4月份,水葱对氮、磷的吸收速率最大,8月份,梭鱼草对氮、磷的吸收速率最大。在整个生长期内,黄花鸢尾对氮、磷的吸收容量一直保持最大,在10月下旬分别达到21.5和4.16 g/m2,因此其对二级出水中氮、磷去除的吸收贡献也最大,分别为30%和73%。这表明湿地植物的选择不仅要考查其对污染物的吸收速率,更要关注其对污染物的吸收容量,并且湿地植物的吸收作用对类二级出水中氮、磷的去除具有更加重要的意义。     

固定化菌藻系统及对污水中氮磷营养盐的净化效果

利用海藻酸钙分别包埋固定小球藻、活性污泥及其两者混合物.研究固定态小球藻与悬浮态小球藻对污水中氮磷营养盐的处理效果,实验结果表明固定态藻对氮磷的去除效果明显优于悬浮态藻,其原因主要由于海藻酸钙凝胶对氮磷的吸附,系统pH值提高引起氨的气提及磷酸盐的沉淀作用.研究固定化藻、同定化活性污泥及共固定化菌藻分别对污水中氮磷营养盐的处理效果,在同等条件下,固定化菌藻对氮磷的去除效果优于固定化活性污泥和固定化藻类.这项研究显示菌藻共生在污水处理中具有较大的潜力.     

SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水的生产性试验

为了实现SBBR工艺处理有机农药废水在生产上的应用,选择有代表性的农药厂进行生产性试验。试验结果表明:COD、BOD5、SS、TP平均去除率分别为90.1%、91%、88.8%和94.7%,出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级标准,并且运行稳定、投资省。