Photodegradation of α-naphthaleneacetic acid in aqueous solution

Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎα ｎａｐｈｔｈａｌｅｎｅａｃｅｔｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＮＡＡ)ｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｌａｎｔｇｒｏｗｔｈｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｕｓｅｄｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｔｈｅｐｒｅｈａｒｖｅｓｔｄｒｏｐｏｆａｐｐｌｅｓｂｕｔａｌｓｏａｓａｆｒｕｉｔｔｈｉｎｎｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔ (Ｗｏｒｔｈｉｎｇ ,1991) .ＭｕｃｈｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＮＡＡｏｎｐｌａｎｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｓ(Ｓｐｅｅｒ,1993;Ｈｉｄｅｙｏｓｈｉ,1993;Ｐｒａｓｄ ,1994 ) ,ｐｌａｎｔｇｒｏｗｔｈａ…     

Nitrite and nitrate induced photodegradation of monolinuron in aqueous solution

Here we evidenced the photo-induced degradation of monolinuron, a phenylurea herbicide, through the 300–450 nm light excitation of nitrite and nitrate species. The degradation pathways were compared to those obtained under direct photolysis at 254 nm. When using NO₃^– and NO₂^– as photoinducers, hydroxyphenyl-substituted photodegradation products were found to be formed specifically through the involvement of OH° radicals. NO^– and NO₂-phenyl substituted compounds were also observed as a result of the production of NO° and NO₂° radicals. Half-lives of monolinuron in aqueous solutions were measured in various conditions of concentrations of substrate and inducer, oxygen content and pH.     

天然水体溶解性物质对5种抗生素光解的影响

建立了分析水体溶解性物质对抗生素光解影响的方法,对比研究了8种典型天然水体成分对3类5种抗生素光解的影响及其作用机制.结果表明,不同水体成分对不同抗生素光解影响呈现很大的差异性.甲砜霉素主要发生间接光解,纯水中光解速率只有1.33×10^-5min^-1,而其他抗生素则同时发生直接光解和间接光解.水体成分中NO₃^-,Fe²⁺和Cl^-主要通过光致活性物种（·OH和¹O₂）影响抗生素光解,DOM主要通过滤光作用影响抗生素光解.另外Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对不同抗生素的光解影响主要通过其与抗生素分子的络合作用实现,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺分别促进了恩氟沙星光解（0.3933min^-1和0.2314min^-1）,但一定程度上抑制了沙拉沙星的光解（0.0447min^-1和0.0289min^-1）.     

UV_(254)降解水中双氯芬酸的动力学及机理研究

研究了254 nm紫外光照(UV_(254))对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解,考察了pH、天然有机物质(NOM)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)对DCF光解的影响;探讨了DCF的光解产物和转化机理;最后,研究了DCF在实际水体中的去除.结果表明,DCF在UV_(254)辐射下发生快速降解,其光解遵循准一级反应动力学模型.在研究的pH范围内,DCF降解效率基本相同,其表观速率常数在5.9×10~(-3)cm~2·mJ~(-1)左右.NOM的存在会抑制DCF的光解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,这主要是由于NOM和DCF竞争入射的紫外光子.NO_3~-在UV_(254)光照下可被激发产生羟基自由基,故NO_3~-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解.DCF在实际水体中的去除效率与纯水中的基本类似,在紫外光用量为320 mJ·cm~(-2)时,大约83%1μmol·L~(-1)DCF被去除.在UV_(254)光解DCF反应中,共检测到12种降解产物,基于这些检出的反应产物提出DCF可能的光解机理主要包括6种不同的转化路径,分别为脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应、脱氯羟基化、脱氯氢化和醌化反应.     

亚硫酸盐/紫外体系的还原脱卤效能

水合电子(e-aq)是已知活性最强的还原物种之一.基于SO_3~(2-)受紫外光激发活化会释放e-aq的性质,提出了SO_3~(2-)/UV高级还原体系,用于降解稳定污染物.以7种卤乙酸为目标物,从卤素取代种类、卤代程度、实际水质本底影响等角度,考察了该体系对毒性卤代有机物(HOCs)的降解及脱卤效能,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:HOCs的降解至少有直接光解和e-aq还原两条途径.卤素取代种类与卤化程度决定了HOCs的直接光解特性,其速率随氯、溴、碘取代顺序及卤化程度的增加而加快.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系显著提高了HOCs的降解及脱卤效率;对于直接光解慢的HOCs,其降解与脱卤主要由e-aq还原引起.SO_3~(2-)/UV体系在两种地表水质本底下仍具有较高的脱卤效能.     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

水体中胺鲜酯残留量的测定及其光解特性

建立了利用固相萃取-气相色谱(SPE-GC)测定水体中胺鲜酯残留量的方法.考查了3种不同固相萃取柱(C18、florisil、OasisR HLB)对水溶性农药胺鲜酯的吸附效果,发现它们对水中胺鲜酯的萃取效率依次为8%、13% 和96%;进一步研究了利用OasisR HLB萃取水中胺鲜酯的最佳条件(洗脱剂二氯甲烷用量4～8 mL),OasisR HLB(60 mg)小柱对胺鲜酯的保留容量高达200 μg·柱-1.运用该方法测定胺鲜酯光解试验样品,结果表明胺鲜酯质量浓度的对数与光照时间呈良好的线性关系.胺鲜酯在氙灯下的光化学降解符合一级动力学反应,光解半衰期为82 min,较易光解.     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

The environmental fate of thymol,a novel botanical pesticide,in tropical agricultural soil and water

In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.     

Sorption and photolysis studies in soil and sediment of the herbicide napropamide

Abstract

The influence of soil and sediment composition on sorption and photodegradation of the herbicide napropamide [N, N‐diethyl‐2‐(1‐naphthyloxy)propionamide] was investigated. Five soils and one sediment were selected for this study and the clay fractions were obtained by sedimentation. Sorption‐desorption was studied by batch equilibration technique and photolysis in a photoreactor emitting within 300–450 nm wavelenght with a maximum at 365 nm. Sorption increased with clay content and was not related to organic matter *content. High irreversibility of sorption was related to the greater montmorillonite content. The presence of soil or sediment reduced photolysis rate due to screen effect and this process did not depend on solid composition but on particle size distribution.