土壤重金属污染的植物修复及超富集植物的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的植物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一。近年来对植物修复的研究日益增加,工业、农业和交通是土壤中污染物的三大主要来源。目前重金属污染土壤植物修复主要包括植物稳定、植物提取和植物挥发。由于超富集植物存在生物量小、生长缓慢的缺点,更应该关注具有高生物量的重金属耐(抗)性植物。     

柠檬酸及刈割强化象草修复镉污染土壤的效应

为研究低分子有机酸柠檬酸与农艺措施刈割强化象草修复镉（Cd）污染土壤的效应,开展象草盆栽种植试验.试验中柠檬酸设置单次1.25、2.5和5 mmol·kg^-1施用水平;刈割设置0、1和2次.结果表明：①在柠檬酸施用量为1.25 mmol·kg^-1且刈割1次时,象草地上部生物量增幅最大达39.11%,高剂量柠檬酸施用和多次刈割不利于生物量的增长;②柠檬酸施用和刈割均有增大象草茎和叶Cd含量的效应,刈割措施中最后一茬收获的象草茎Cd含量较大,且在m_B（柠檬酸）5 mmol·kg^-1施用下可将茎ω（Cd）增大到18.53 mg·kg^-1,相比第一茬增大约6倍;③柠檬酸施用和刈割措施能够降低象草根际土壤pH和有机质,对土壤总Cd含量和Cd的TCLP含量也能分别最大幅度降低14.29%和10.17%;④在m_B（柠檬酸）施用量为1.25 mmol·kg^-1且刈割1次时,象草植物提取Cd的效果最佳,地上部位Cd提取量达到6.95 mg·株^-1,占盆栽试供土壤Cd总量的9.38%.未来利用象草修复Cd污染土壤时,可考虑将1.25 mmol·kg^-1柠檬酸施用和刈割1次相结合,以提高修复效率.     

交流电场与Fusarium sp.A-2耦合对博落回修复铀污染土壤的强化作用

通过盆栽试验研究了交流电场(AC)与Fusarium sp.A-2(A-2)真菌耦合对博落回(P)的生物量、富集铀(U)性能、酶活性以及根际土壤中有机酸含量、生物可利用态铀、根际微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明, 在铀(U)污染土壤中, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U和P+U相比, AC+A-2+P+U组博落回的鲜重、株高、总干重分别升高了10.67%~45.76%、26.87%~92.02%和61.99%~159.98%;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量分别提高了41.24%~133%和15.35%~63.63%;根际土壤中草酸显著增加了13.03%~157.09%;与A-2+P+U和P+U组相比, AC+A-2+P+U组土壤中生物可利用态铀分别提高了12.5%和28.57%.在AC+A-2+P+U组, 植物根际土壤中存在大量的镰刀型菌(Fusarium)真菌属和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)等细菌菌属, 且镰刀型菌属(Fusarium)占比最高, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U、P+U和A-2+U组相比, Fusarium分别提高了16.67%、81.03%、299.23%和374.47%.AC和A-2耦合强化博落回修复铀污染土壤的可能机理包括AC提高了铀在土壤中的流动性, 增加了植物根部与铀的接触, 促进了铀的富集; AC刺激了博落回的生理活性, 增大了博落回的生物量, 提高了抗氧化酶活性, 使博落回对铀的耐受性增强; AC刺激了A-2真菌和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)的生长, 使其比例增大, 从而产生大量的有机酸, 与铀形成螯合物, 降低了铀对植物的胁迫作用, 提高了生物可利用态铀的占比, 促进了博落回对铀的富集.AC与A-2真菌耦合对P修复铀污染土壤有显著的强化作用, 是一种有潜在应用前景的强化方法.     

汞污染土壤植物修复研究现状与展望

土壤汞污染及其治理是当前汞环境地球化学研究的核心内容之一。与传统物理和化学修复技术相比,植物修复技术对环境扰动小,修复成本低,是目前汞污染土壤修复领域的主要热点方向。本文主要从汞污染土壤植物修复原理和应用两方面入手,总结了土壤汞污染特点、植物修复技术原理及过程、修复植物与潜在修复植物种类、植物修复强化措施。针对现有研究的不足,对植物修复汞污染土壤的研究方向和发展趋势进行展望,以期为汞污染土壤植物修复技术应用与发展提供科学参考。     

磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复研究进展

详细阐述了植物修复的生理学、分子生物学机制，包括超积累植物对根际土壤中重金属的活化，超量积累植物对土壤重金属吸收及其解毒机理，并就该领域今后的研究方向和存在的问题作了探讨。     

Antimony (Sb) – pollution and removal techniques – critical assessment of technologies

In view of increasing emissions of antimony (Sb) into the environment due to industrialization and consequent carcinogenicity, it is essential to remove this metal from the ecosystem. Antimony and arsenic (As) are analogs. Although numerous studies examined arsenic removal, few reports are available on Sb removal. In this review, various Sb removal techniques are described to understand how this process occurs and what research gaps are needed to improve efficiency. At present, surface adsorption technique is the most widely used for Sb removal. Biological treatment namely phytoremediation is also a promising method and more investigations are required in this regard. The selection of a suitable technique for a given area depends on the conditions including economic, environmental, and social conditions.     

超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定藿香蓟及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算藿香蓟的富集系数和去除率.结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的藿香蓟叶片中Cd含量最大值为77. 01 mg·kg~(-1),盆栽试验中,高含量Cd土壤处理(T2)中,地上部Cd积累量达到69. 71mg·kg~(-1),其地上部Cd富集系数为6. 09,在低含量Cd土壤处理(T1)中,藿香蓟对Cd的富集特性与其在高含量条件下对Cd的富集特性一致.藿香蓟对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性.田间试验中,污染区藿香蓟中地上部Cd含量均值为21. 13 mg·kg~(-1),富集系数为6. 93,使用藿香蓟修复Cd污染土壤每亩地种植三茬藿香蓟的去除率为13. 2%～15. 6%.使用超富集植物藿香蓟修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景.     

凤眼莲植物修复水溶液中甲基对硫磷的效果与机理研究

报道了凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes Solms）净化水溶液中甲基对硫磷的作用及修复甲基对硫磷污染水体的主要机理。研究结果表明，与空白抑菌水溶液相比，10－11g凤眼莲抑菌可将250mL的10mg/L的甲基对硫磷降解速度提高763．52％。处理10d后甲基对硫磷的消除率，凤眼莲培养液为99．9％，对照水溶液为40．1％。其修复机理主要是凤眼莲的直接吸收和微生物降解。在不抑菌条件下，凤眼莲对水溶液中甲 硫磷净化的贡献率达67．28％，微生物降解约占23．97％。     

Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) part 1: Literature overview and research concept

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: For decades, very large areas of former military sites have been contaminated diffusely with the persistent nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The recalcitrance of the environmental hazard TNT is to a great extent due to its particulate soil existence, which leads to slow but continuous leaching processes. Although improper handling during the manufacture of TNT seems to be a problem of the past in developed countries, environmental deposition of TNT and other explosives is still going on unfortunately, resulting from thousands of unexploded ordnance or low order explosions at munitions test areas and at current battlefields. OBJECTIVE: Sustainable phytoremediation strategies for explosives in Germany, which intend to use trees to decontaminate soil and groundwater ('dendroremediation'), have to consider that most of the former German military sites are already covered with woodlands, mainly with conifer stands. Therefore, parallel investigation of the remediation potential is necessary for both of the selected hybrids of fast growing broadleaf trees, which are waiting for planting and forest conifers, which have already proven for decades that they are able to grow on explosive contaminated sites. MAIN FEATURES: A short literature review is given regarding phytoremediation of TNT with herbaceous plants and some general aspects of dendroremediation are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of our TNT-dendroremediation research network is introduced, which has the strategic goal to make dendroremediation more calculable for a series of potent trees for site-adapted in situ application and for the assessment of tree remediation potentials in natural attenuation processes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Some of our methods, results and conclusions yet unpublished are presented. For a preliminary calculation of area-related annual TNT dendroremediation potential of five-year-old trees, the following values were assessed: Salix EW-13 6.0, Salix EW-20 8.5, Populus ZP-007 4.2, Betula pendula 5.2, Picea abies 1.9 and Pinus sylvestris 0.8 g m(-2) a(-1). For a 45-year-old spruce forest, an annual natural attenuation potential of 4.2 g TNT m(-2) a(-1) was found. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Our main results deliver quantitative proposals for dendroremediation strategies in situ and provide decision aids. Also aspects of growth of raw materials for energy production are considered. Our dendroremediation research concept for TNT and its congeners can be easily completed for other trees of interest and it can also be applied to herbaceous plants. Knowing the current bottlenecks of phytoremediation and considering the known environmental behaviour of other contaminants, elements of our methodological approach may be easily adapted to those pollutant groups, e.g. for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, chlorinated recalcitrants and, with some restrictions, to inorganics and to multiple contaminations. Our dynamical dendrotolerance test systems will help to predict tree growth on polluted areas. To provide some light into the black box of TNT dendroremediation, experimental data regarding the uptake, distribution and degradation of [14C]-TNT in mature tree tissues will be reported in the second part of this publication.