Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple-microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source

The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.     

Effects of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland

The effects of single Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+),and combined Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)on dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland(IVCW)were studied.Dehydrogenase activities decreased linearly with the increasing concentrations of Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)at different times(6,24,72,and 120 h).The activities at both 6 and 24 h were significantly higher than that at 72 and 120 h in the case of single and combined treatments.The single Cd~(2+)...     

Preliminary Studies on Converting Agricultural Waste into Biodegradable Plastics – Part III: Sawdust

Summary Hardwood sawdust was derivatized either by carboxymethylation, glutaration, maleiation, phthallation, or succination in order to produce anionic materials suitable for complexation with soy protein isolate. Blending each derivative with soy protein isolate resulted in instant precipitation of gels. Infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry suggested that each derivative formed a complex with protein. Reaction products could be dried into pellets exhibiting tensile strengths between 0.9–2.4 MPa, suggested that these materials could be promising candidates for biodegradable structural materials.     

东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻多糖及亚显微结构的影响

采用东方香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共培养的试验方法研究了东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻多糖及亚显微结构的影响。结果表明:在质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L的东方香蒲化感胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻总糖(TSP)、胞内多糖(IPS)及固着性胞外多糖(bEPS)含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,溶解性胞外多糖(sEPS)含量在培养过程中呈现逐渐增加的趋势,表明东方香蒲化感胁迫在前期促进了铜绿微囊藻的多糖合成和分泌,但在培养后期抑制多糖合成,并进一步促进多糖分泌和溶解;在培养后期,藻细胞叶绿素荧光参数包括YⅡ(光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量)、ETR_(max)(线性最大电子传递速率)显著降低,表明东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的光合系统产生了明显的化感抑制,光合活性及光合效率明显下降;藻细胞亚显微结构显示,在培养后期,藻细胞类囊体片层分解断裂,表明经过持续地化感胁迫,东方香蒲诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫,藻的光合系统受到严重破坏。东方香蒲使用量越高,藻细胞结构损伤越严重。     

硅藻类粗多糖生物剂的制备及其对Cd2+的吸附性能

为了考察粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用不同方法（稀酸法、稀碱法及超声-冻融-加热法）由海洋硅藻提取粗多糖,并进一步揭示硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附潜力.通过对比不同方法下粗多糖的组分质量分数（总糖、蛋白质和硫酸基）及其对Cd2+的吸附量,筛选出优质的粗多糖吸附材料,利用FTIR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和SEM（扫描电镜）浅析粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附机制,采用吸附动力学和吸附等温模型详细探讨其对Cd2+的吸附特性.结果表明:①超声-冻融-加热法比稀酸法、稀碱法所提取的粗多糖的总糖质量分数高,分别为31.39%（480 nm）、26.74%（490 nm）;蛋白质杂质质量分数为7.09%,硫酸基质量分数为2.86%.②硅藻类细胞壁具有微孔结构,主要是由硅藻壳、多糖、蛋白质和脂肪组成,提取出的粗多糖表面均含有氨基、酰胺基、羰基、羟基等官能团,为其吸附重金属离子提供可能性.③超声-冻融-加热法在3倍体积乙醇沉淀时提取的粗多糖对Cd2+吸附量最大,为353.12 mg/g;该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附更符合伪二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程有化学吸附参与;相比于Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附数据更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附主要为单层吸附.研究显示,利用超声-冻融-加热法提取出的硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附量为353.12 mg/g,是一种很有应用潜力的生物吸附材料.      

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

生物淋滤中硫粉对污泥EPS组分和脱水性的影响

为探讨生物淋滤过程中污泥的脱水性能及其与胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）的关系,以硫粉（S⁰）作为底物,设计了不同S⁰投量（0,2,4,6,8g/L）+10%接种物的实验组进行10d淋滤实验.结果表明：溶解态PN、PS含量和污泥比阻（SRF）在淋滤0~2d降低,之后呈上升趋势,结合态PN、PS含量在淋滤0~8d呈下降趋势,之后略微上升,且S⁰投加量越大,上述变化趋势越明显.统计结果发现,SRF与溶解态PN、PS有显著的正相关性（R=0.861、0.875,P<0.01）.说明不同S⁰投加量导致溶解态PN、PS含量变化从而影响了污泥脱水性能,其中溶解态PS的变化对污泥脱水性能作用更大.S⁰投量为8g/L、淋滤时间为2d时,污泥脱水效果最佳,S⁰投量为2g/L、淋滤时间6d效果次之,SRF分别比原污泥降低58%和54%,又由于后者重金属去除率高于前者,推荐S⁰ 2g/L,温度30℃,淋滤时间6d,pH值降至2.66为最适工艺条件.     

预加热对柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的影响

利用预加热污泥（15℃~30℃）方式进行了柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的效果及机理研究.结果表明,脱水污泥预热至20℃时可使生物干化高温期维持5.5d且最高温度可达57℃,干化14d污泥含水率从70%下降至34.80%,同时结合水含量降低了65.58%,远高于其他预热组的44.39%~49.53%的结合水去除率.能量平衡分析结果表明,污泥预热至25℃的生物产热量最高,但预热至20℃时用于水分蒸发的能量利用率最高,占总消耗热量的82.62%.此外,污泥胞外聚合物的蛋白质和多糖分析显示,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值和污泥结合水含量呈正相关,高温期Slime-EPS、LB-EPS、EP-EPS层蛋白质含量显著降低,说明蛋白质降解是柠檬酸脱水污泥生物干化的主要产热与脱水机理.     

Control of molecular weight distribution of the biopolymer pullulan produced byAureobasidium pullulans

The influence of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate source, along with concentration, was determined for effect on the weight average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and yield of pullulan produced byAureobasidium pullulans NRRL-Y 6220. Batch systems, scale-up batch, and continuous fermentations of 1 L and 10 L were also evaluated as were processing variables, including solvents, and extraction conditions. Products with weight average molecular weight from 1.0 × 10⁵ to 4.0 × 10⁶ were produced in 100-g quantities by varying fermentation conditions such as constituents of the culture medium, pH, and length of incubation. Three sets of culture conditions were defined for the formation of low (<5.0×10⁵), medium (1.0–2.0×10⁶), and high (>2.0×10⁶) weight average molecular weight polymer. These defined molecular weight fractions of pullulan were used in further studies in producing films and fibers.     

螺旋藻多糖SPS-1的组成与结构研究

利用IR、UV、C13-NMR光谱分析技术和元素分析、HPAEC-PAD液相色谱法,对冷水提取的螺旋藻多糖SPS-1进行结构和糖基组成研究。结果发现,螺旋藻多糖的糖环是吡喃环,单糖以α-型糖苷键相连。是硫酸粘多糖,糖环上连有甲氧基和乙酰氨基,组成的糖基有六种,已知的糖基分别是D-岩藻糖、D-鼠李糖,D-葡萄糖,相对应的摩尔比为5.0:1:63.5。