跨膜压差和膜面流速对磁絮凝延缓陶瓷微滤膜通量衰减的影响

为克服陶瓷微滤膜净化微污染水体时产水量不高、通量衰减迅速的难题,采用磁絮凝预处理工艺延缓陶瓷膜的污染。对比了磁絮凝预处理与传统絮凝预处理对陶瓷微滤膜膜污染的影响,结果显示:磁絮凝预处理后陶瓷膜的稳定产水量高于传统絮凝预处理,验证了磁絮凝预处理工艺延缓膜污染的可行性。同时,研究了跨膜压差和膜面流速对2种组合工艺膜通量的影响,结果表明:随着跨膜压差和膜面流速的增加,膜通量均提高但增幅逐渐放缓,其优化运行参数如下:跨膜压差为0.20 MPa,膜面流速为2.0 m/s。     

固相微萃取和固相萃取评价多环芳烃降解过程中的生物有效性变化

为了揭示多环芳烃(PAHs)降解过程中的生物有效性变化规律,应用PAHs降解菌剂对PAHs污染焦化厂土壤进行微生物修复,采用固相微萃取及固相萃取方法提取评价PAHs的生物有效性,分析降解率和生物有效性变化的差异及相关关系.结果表明,该焦化厂土壤中PAHs总量以低环PAH为主,微生物菌剂对土壤总PAHs降解率为68.3%;微生物作用后,孔隙水中PAHs的降低以3、4环为主,孔隙水中PAHs变化率普遍低于土壤中的降解率;Tenax-TA提取降解前后土壤中的PAHs,降解后3、4环PAHs的快速解吸组分降低,5、6环的快速解吸组分变化不大;土壤中PAHs降解量分别与PAHs孔隙水浓度和Tenax-TA快速提取量存在相关关系.以上结果表明可用PAHs孔隙水浓度以及Tenax-TA快速提取量预测微生物对土壤PAHs的降解,这为焦化厂土壤PAHs污染的修复提供了理论依据.     

冬季临安大气本底站气溶胶来源解析及其粒径分布特征

利用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)、EMS系统、KC-120H中流量采样器、850professional IC型离子色谱分析仪和热/光碳分析仪(DRI2001A)分别观测了临安大气本底站2015年1月9~31日10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布、常规污染气体浓度、PM_(2.5)浓度及水溶性离子和OC、EC的浓度,利用PMF模式对PM_(2.5)进行来源解析,并分析了不同污染源下气溶胶粒子的谱分布及日变化特征.结果表明,临安大气本底站大气气溶胶数浓度平均为5 062 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1),主要集中在10~400 nm.PM_(2.5)的平均浓度和NO_2、SO_2、CO的平均体积分数分别为123.6μg·m~(-3)、22.6×10~(-9)、34.0×10~(-9)和2.2×10~(-6).水溶性离子以NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+为主,平均浓度分别为19.2、15.4和10.8μg·m~(-3),分别占总水溶性离子的37.9%、30.4%、21.4%.OC和EC的平均浓度分别为24.4μg·m~(-3)和6.6μg·m~(-3).冬季临安大气本底站PM_(2.5)主要来自二次相关源、燃煤排放、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧,贡献率分别为42.3%、21.4%、17.1%、8.7%和10.6%.不同来源气溶胶数浓度谱分布差异较大,二次相关、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,峰值分别位于120、50、100和90nm.燃煤颗粒物数浓度谱分布为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于25 nm和100 nm,浓度为19 842 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1)和18 372 cm~(-3)·nm~(-1).二次相关源、燃煤源、机动车排放、扬尘和生物质燃烧表面积浓度谱均为三峰型分布,最大峰值分别位于650、210、160、180和575 nm.不同排放源气溶胶颗粒物数浓度和表面积浓度日变化特征基本一致,多呈双峰型分布,主要受边界层日变化和人类活动影响.     

气室连通管调压技术调控矿井采空区瓦斯涌出实践

在煤矿无煤柱开采过程中,采煤工作面及其作业空间往往因处于空气压能相对低位,受到邻近采空区内瓦斯等有害气体侵入的威胁。通过研究和实施气室连通管调压技术,合理改变采煤工作面邻近老空区外围的压能关系,调控老空区瓦斯涌出方向和涌出量,有效阻止老空区高浓度瓦斯侵入回采工作面作业空间。     

液体危化品罐车卸货防喷技术研究

液体危化品大量地通过罐车运输,目前液体危化品罐车卸货完成后从通用卸货管道上拔掉卸货软管时,发生软管内残余液体危化品外喷伤人现象,其原因是液体危化品罐车卸货完毕,关闭罐车上的卸货阀门后,软管内压力大于管口大气压,在从通用卸货管道上拔掉卸货软管时,造成管内残余液体危化品从管口外喷,拔管时出现的外喷现象的动力,就是来自于这种压差.提出解决该问题的方法是对罐车的卸货装置进行简单改造,增加一个调节装置来平衡卸货软管内与外界大气压,消除液体外喷的动力.并在一家危险化学品经营企业的浓硝酸运输罐车上进行了实践应用,证明了该方法安全可行,提高了浓硝酸卸货时的安全性.     

对某高层酒店建筑给水和消火栓系统设计的体会与思考

生活给水系统设计时,将室内外给水管网分成两套,结合实际情况从安全、经济以及维护管理等因素考虑,在地下室布置成立体双环状给水系统;生活热水采用一台容积式浮动盘管热交换器换热供给热水;从理论上论证了组合型消防栓箱在本工程中的适用性和优越性,提出可将灭火器和消火栓位置设于一处的观点供大家在设计上参考。     

水平管道内铝粉爆炸特性的试验研究

为研究铝粉在密闭空间内爆炸特性,降低其爆炸造成的损害,利用自行设计的水平管道式可燃气体-粉尘爆炸装置,在室温下对粒度为6～8μm,9～12μm,15～17μm的铝粉在100～800 g/m3浓度范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究。结果表明:铝粉在浓度为600 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率最大,爆炸时间最小;铝粉浓度较低时,由于氧气充足,随着铝粉浓度增大,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率增大,爆炸时间减小;当铝粉浓度超过600 g/m3,受到氧气浓度限制,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随浓度增大而减小,爆炸时间增大;相同浓度的铝粉,粒度越小,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率越大,爆炸时间越小。粒度越小的铝粉,爆炸的可能性和危险性越大。     

斜拉索风雨激振三维模型试验研究

为研究风雨共同作用下拉索的气动力特性,以之江大桥为背景,通过对斜拉索的三维刚性节段模型做测力、测压风洞试验,得到4种表面形态下的拉索在不同风向角时的平均和脉动风压系数,结果表明:水线位置强烈影响拉索表面的风压系数分布,靠近水线附近气流的分离点会产生明显的改变,仅当上水线处于某些特定位置时,气动力系数变化明显,拉索才可能发生振动;用测压试验的风压系数积分得到的阻力系数要比测力试验的小10%左右,这是测压试验无法获得气动力中的摩擦分量所导致的。     

利用冲击力信号判断泥石流颗粒垂向分选的试验研究

分别提出根据冲击力数据的波动强度和峰值情况进行泥石流颗粒垂向分选研究的系统方法,并配置了三组不同容重(2 095 kg/m3、2 008 kg/m3和1 960 kg/m3)的粘性泥石流样品开展泥石流冲击试验。两种方法的分析结果基本一致,即容重为2 095 kg/m3的泥石流分选不明显,其他两组泥石流呈现出正粒序分布且容重越小分选越显著。量纲分析表明,开展的试验粘滞力在运动中起主导作用,颗粒之间作用力较小,不容易发生反粒序分选,这与通过冲击力分析颗粒垂向分选的结果一致,因此提出的利用冲击力信号判断泥石流颗粒垂向分选的系统方法具有适用性。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.