高锰酸钾氧化水中沙拉沙星的动力学研究

选用高锰酸钾为氧化剂从动力学的角度研究高锰酸钾初始浓度,pH值和温度对沙拉沙星氧化反应速率的影响,并比较高锰酸钾氧化其他氟喹诺酮类药物（恩诺沙星,氧氟沙星,环丙沙星,诺氟沙星）的动力学参数,旨在为沙拉沙星污染治理提供科学依据和建议.研究得出：氧化过程符合二级反应动力学规律,随着高锰酸钾浓度和环境温度的升高,反应速率增加;相对于中性条件和碱性条件[K=30~47L/（mol·min）],酸性条件（pH=4~5）下其反应速率[K=66~91.28L/（mol·min）]要明显更快.高锰酸钾氧化沙拉沙星的动力学参数与环丙沙星的类似,在相关研究中可以适当参考环丙沙星的处理参数.     

氯化铵盐粒导致的铜初期大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究在氯化铵存在条件下,铜的大气腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、滴定法和电化学等方法来确定铜的大气腐蚀过程和腐蚀产物。结果随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀质量损失变大,平均腐蚀速率变小。在氯化铵存在条件下,铜表面生成了Cu_2O、Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3,其中Cu_2O为主要腐蚀产物,其质量占腐蚀产物总质量的97%以上。结论氯化铵的存在会对铜造成很强的腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀变得严重,但是暴露后期腐蚀速率将会减缓。     

Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium in Soils Along the Shore of Lake Issyk-Kyol in the Kyrghyz Republic

The Kyrghyz Republic, located in the southeastern region ofthe former Soviet Union, maintains a population of more thanone-half-million persons and is heavily dependent on LakeIssyk-Kyol, both to draw tourists to the area and for itsutilization by some as a food and recreation source. Historical surveys, conducted primarily for geologicalexploration, have indicated that localized areas ofshoreline on Lake Issyk-Kyol have relative radiation levelsin excess of ambient background by as much as a factor often. Uranium mining operations in the mountains borderingthe lake to the south may have resulted in the contaminationof a number of areas on the lake's southern shore. Concentrations of naturally occurring uranium, thorium, andpotassium are present in these soils in elevated quantities. This paper presents the results of an investigation of soilconcentrations along the shoreline of Lake Issyk-Kyolrelative to previously discovered areas of high exposurerate.     

高氯废水中的化学需氧量测定方法探讨

针对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理作了阐述，最终确定一种最直接、简便、准确的硫酸汞倍数添加法测定CODcr.     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in model waste incineration

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl₂ · 2H₂O), both of which contained polyvinyl chloride as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 °C, and the amount of air supplied was twice the stoichiometric ratio. The experimental setup was carefully planned to suppress the influences of experimental conditions except the waste composition. Results of these experiments showed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDDs formed and made the homologue profile to shift towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to the PCDDs formation by promoting chlorination, whereby the reaction is important in that organic matter is chlorinated directly by copper compounds. Copper chloride did not exert a great influence on the isomer distribution patterns of PCDDs, while there appeared a significant difference in the case of PCDFs. This points out the difference of the major formation mechanisms between PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs are less formed by the catalytic reactions from carbon/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than PCDFs in our experimental conditions.     

碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量有关问题的释疑

最常见的化学需氧量(COD)的测定方法是铬酸钾法和高锰酸钾法。但用上述两种方法测定废水中COD时易受到氯离子的干扰。为此,提出了用“碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法”消除氯离子干扰的机理。对碘化钾高锰酸钾法验证的结果表明,该方法适用于测定油气田和炼化企业高氯、低氯废水的COD。求出用碘化钾高锰酸钾法与铬酸钾法测定的COD比值,可将碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾测定法的CODOH.KI换算成铬酸钾法的CODCr值来衡量水体的有机物污染情况及判断废水是否达到排放标准。     

利用含铝废盐酸制备聚合氯化铝

以某医药企业产生的含铝废盐酸为原料制备了液体聚合氯化铝(PAC)。确定了适宜的有机物去除方法和碱化剂,考察了碱化剂投加量、废盐酸铝离子含量等合成条件对PAC产品指标的影响,并比较了自制PAC和市售PAC对该企业污水站二沉池出水的混凝效果。实验结果表明:采用活性炭吸附法去除废盐酸中有机物,选择固体Ca O作为碱化剂,在活性炭投加量1‰(w)、吸附时间1 h、铝离子含量9.5%(w,以Al_2O_3计)、CaO投加量80 g/L、反应时间24 h的条件下,制备的液体PAC达到行业标准HG/T 2677—2017《工业聚氯化铝》中的Ⅲ类标准;自制PAC对废水COD和SS的去除率均优于市售PAC,不仅可替代其使用,还可外售产生经济效益。     

湿法磷酸生产中磷石膏废渣制硫酸钾铵的中间试验研究

在湿法磷酸生产中要排出大量的磷石膏废渣 ,不仅要占用大量土地堆放而且污染环境。作者介绍了以磷石膏废渣作原料 ,生产硫酸钾铵的 3 0 0 0t a中间试验装置 ,包括磷石膏与碳酸铵复分解反应制备硫铵及硫铵与氯化钾复分解反应制取硫酸钾铵     

高岭土制备聚合氯化铝新工艺

介绍了以高岭土为原料，经盐酸预处理后，加水聚合、调整反应液pH，制备液体聚合氯化铝净水剂的新工艺。对所得产品的净水性能和技术指标进行了测定，结果表明，采用该工艺制得的聚合氯化铝产品技术指标符合GB1592－95标准。     

Long-term Changes in Environmental Variables of Traunsee,an Oligotrophic Austrian Lake Impacted by the Salt Industry,and Two Reference Sites Hallstättersee and Attersee

Morphometric, hydrological and basic physico-chemicalcharacteristics of three deep Alpine lakes, Traunsee,Hallstättersee and Attersee as well as their long-termbahaviour are presented. The deep Alpine lakesHallstättersee and Traunsee have been influenced by saltmining and the traditional salt industry for over 100 years. Waste products from these activities, entering the lakes, have mainlyaffected the chemistry of these water bodies, especially bysubstantially increasing the chloride concentrations up to 170 mg L^-1. As a consequence of the increased density, mixing conditions of the lakes were altered. The resulting incomplete mixing led to oxygen depletionin deeper layers. In addition, increased nutrientload from the catchment rised the trophic level in the 70s and 80sof the last century in turn, affecting the oxygen content in thehypolimnion. Finally a situation developed where the risk becamehigh for these lakes to become meromictic induced by humanactivity. In fact, Hallstättersee became facultativelymeromictic. This process was interrupted by increased chlorideinput of more than 30 mg L^-1 due to accidental wash outfrom an upstream salt mine rendering Hallstätterseehomogenous in 1978 to 1980 resulting in complete over-turn. Conditions substantially improved in both lakes after miningpractices were altered and restoration measures againsteutrophication were initiated. Chloride and phosphorusconcentrations declined, while oxygen conditions substantiallyimproved in the following years. Conditions in Traunseesubstantially improved and chloride levels near the sedimentdecreased to less than 140 mg L^-1. The third lakeconsidered here, Attersee, always remained in a near-naturalstate although some signs of increased nutrient levels becamevisible in the late 1970s. Chloride concentrations of around 3 mgL^-1 in this lake can be considered as background levels.Attersee can now serve as a reference site for deep Alpine lakesbecause of its ultra-oligotrophic and pristine nature.