GROUND WATER SEEPAGE IN LAKE WASHINGTON AND THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

Direct ground water seepage measurements were made in Lake Washington, Florida, to determine the importance of seepage as a water and chloride source to the lake and upper St. Johns River. Over 200 seepage measurements were made in the lake and adjoining canals from July through December 1978. Results indicated that seepage into the shore areas of Lake Washington was an insignificant water source to the lake, representing 0.6 percent of the inputs, and was nearly balanced by ground water recharge in the midlake region. Drainage canals entering Lake Washington, however, exhibited high average seepage rates (17.7 L/m²-day), over eight times the lake average (2.01 L/M²-day). Discharge from the St. Johns River was the dominant factor in the water budget of Lake Washington and represented approximately 88 percent of the inputs during the study year. Although inputs from the drainage canals represented only 6.6 percent of the St. Johns River annual discharge, these canals represented 20.4 percent of the annual St. Johns River chloride loading and 62.1 percent of the river chloride loading during the five driest months of 1978. Evidence from this study indicates that rising levels of chloride in the river in recent years are largely attributable to ground water seepage in channelized areas, particularly in the headwaters. These chloride inputs assume greater importance during low water/low flow periods.     

Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium in Soils Along the Shore of Lake Issyk-Kyol in the Kyrghyz Republic

The Kyrghyz Republic, located in the southeastern region ofthe former Soviet Union, maintains a population of more thanone-half-million persons and is heavily dependent on LakeIssyk-Kyol, both to draw tourists to the area and for itsutilization by some as a food and recreation source. Historical surveys, conducted primarily for geologicalexploration, have indicated that localized areas ofshoreline on Lake Issyk-Kyol have relative radiation levelsin excess of ambient background by as much as a factor often. Uranium mining operations in the mountains borderingthe lake to the south may have resulted in the contaminationof a number of areas on the lake's southern shore. Concentrations of naturally occurring uranium, thorium, andpotassium are present in these soils in elevated quantities. This paper presents the results of an investigation of soilconcentrations along the shoreline of Lake Issyk-Kyolrelative to previously discovered areas of high exposurerate.     

高锰酸钾氧化水中沙拉沙星的动力学研究

选用高锰酸钾为氧化剂从动力学的角度研究高锰酸钾初始浓度,pH值和温度对沙拉沙星氧化反应速率的影响,并比较高锰酸钾氧化其他氟喹诺酮类药物（恩诺沙星,氧氟沙星,环丙沙星,诺氟沙星）的动力学参数,旨在为沙拉沙星污染治理提供科学依据和建议.研究得出：氧化过程符合二级反应动力学规律,随着高锰酸钾浓度和环境温度的升高,反应速率增加;相对于中性条件和碱性条件[K=30~47L/（mol·min）],酸性条件（pH=4~5）下其反应速率[K=66~91.28L/（mol·min）]要明显更快.高锰酸钾氧化沙拉沙星的动力学参数与环丙沙星的类似,在相关研究中可以适当参考环丙沙星的处理参数.     

氯化铵盐粒导致的铜初期大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究在氯化铵存在条件下,铜的大气腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、滴定法和电化学等方法来确定铜的大气腐蚀过程和腐蚀产物。结果随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀质量损失变大,平均腐蚀速率变小。在氯化铵存在条件下,铜表面生成了Cu_2O、Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3,其中Cu_2O为主要腐蚀产物,其质量占腐蚀产物总质量的97%以上。结论氯化铵的存在会对铜造成很强的腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀变得严重,但是暴露后期腐蚀速率将会减缓。     

NaHSO3和KMnO4组合可渗透反应栅对苯胺的去除特性

采用亚硫酸氢钠（NaHSO₃）强化高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）去除苯胺（AN）.通过批次处理实验研究了AN去除率与反应条件的关系,分析了KMnO₄投加量、NaHSO₃投加量、初始pH值和反应时间之间的交互作用;以石蜡为胶结剂分别制备基于NaHSO₃和KMnO₄的可渗透反应栅（PRB）,对模拟AN污染地下水进行连续处理,研究不同PRB的释放规律和组合PRB对AN的去除特性.结果表明,NaHSO₃可显著强化KMnO₄对AN的降解速率,当AN初始浓度为5mg/L,NaHSO₃/KMnO₄/AN为5/5/1时,AN去除率达99.2%,高于单独KMnO₄处理的85.6%.AN去除率与KMnO₄投加量、NaHSO₃投加量和反应时间线性正相关,与溶液初始pH值线性负相关.采用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了AN去除率与反应条件间的关系,模拟值与验证实验结果相近,模型精度较好.PRB中NaHSO₃溶出速率显著大于KMnO₄.当NaHSO₃和KMnO₄混合的可渗透反应栅（SB/PM-PRB）质量为5g,进水流速和AN浓度分别为0.1mL/min和10mg/L时,168h内AN的去除率保持在99%以上,且克服了KMnO₄单独处理出水色度过高的问题.傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,反应前后PRB成分没有显著变化,PRB稳定性较好.紫外光谱扫描结果表明,AN和苯环特征峰强度均显著下降,表明SB/PM-PRB能使AN开环降解和破坏氨基结构.     

碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学需氧量有关问题的释疑

最常见的化学需氧量(COD)的测定方法是铬酸钾法和高锰酸钾法。但用上述两种方法测定废水中COD时易受到氯离子的干扰。为此,提出了用“碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾法”消除氯离子干扰的机理。对碘化钾高锰酸钾法验证的结果表明,该方法适用于测定油气田和炼化企业高氯、低氯废水的COD。求出用碘化钾高锰酸钾法与铬酸钾法测定的COD比值,可将碘化钾碱性高锰酸钾测定法的CODOH.KI换算成铬酸钾法的CODCr值来衡量水体的有机物污染情况及判断废水是否达到排放标准。     

利用含铝废盐酸制备聚合氯化铝

以某医药企业产生的含铝废盐酸为原料制备了液体聚合氯化铝(PAC)。确定了适宜的有机物去除方法和碱化剂,考察了碱化剂投加量、废盐酸铝离子含量等合成条件对PAC产品指标的影响,并比较了自制PAC和市售PAC对该企业污水站二沉池出水的混凝效果。实验结果表明:采用活性炭吸附法去除废盐酸中有机物,选择固体Ca O作为碱化剂,在活性炭投加量1‰(w)、吸附时间1 h、铝离子含量9.5%(w,以Al_2O_3计)、CaO投加量80 g/L、反应时间24 h的条件下,制备的液体PAC达到行业标准HG/T 2677—2017《工业聚氯化铝》中的Ⅲ类标准;自制PAC对废水COD和SS的去除率均优于市售PAC,不仅可替代其使用,还可外售产生经济效益。     

湿法磷酸生产中磷石膏废渣制硫酸钾铵的中间试验研究

在湿法磷酸生产中要排出大量的磷石膏废渣 ,不仅要占用大量土地堆放而且污染环境。作者介绍了以磷石膏废渣作原料 ,生产硫酸钾铵的 3 0 0 0t a中间试验装置 ,包括磷石膏与碳酸铵复分解反应制备硫铵及硫铵与氯化钾复分解反应制取硫酸钾铵     

高岭土制备聚合氯化铝新工艺

介绍了以高岭土为原料，经盐酸预处理后，加水聚合、调整反应液pH，制备液体聚合氯化铝净水剂的新工艺。对所得产品的净水性能和技术指标进行了测定，结果表明，采用该工艺制得的聚合氯化铝产品技术指标符合GB1592－95标准。     

Long-term Changes in Environmental Variables of Traunsee,an Oligotrophic Austrian Lake Impacted by the Salt Industry,and Two Reference Sites Hallstättersee and Attersee

Morphometric, hydrological and basic physico-chemicalcharacteristics of three deep Alpine lakes, Traunsee,Hallstättersee and Attersee as well as their long-termbahaviour are presented. The deep Alpine lakesHallstättersee and Traunsee have been influenced by saltmining and the traditional salt industry for over 100 years. Waste products from these activities, entering the lakes, have mainlyaffected the chemistry of these water bodies, especially bysubstantially increasing the chloride concentrations up to 170 mg L^-1. As a consequence of the increased density, mixing conditions of the lakes were altered. The resulting incomplete mixing led to oxygen depletionin deeper layers. In addition, increased nutrientload from the catchment rised the trophic level in the 70s and 80sof the last century in turn, affecting the oxygen content in thehypolimnion. Finally a situation developed where the risk becamehigh for these lakes to become meromictic induced by humanactivity. In fact, Hallstättersee became facultativelymeromictic. This process was interrupted by increased chlorideinput of more than 30 mg L^-1 due to accidental wash outfrom an upstream salt mine rendering Hallstätterseehomogenous in 1978 to 1980 resulting in complete over-turn. Conditions substantially improved in both lakes after miningpractices were altered and restoration measures againsteutrophication were initiated. Chloride and phosphorusconcentrations declined, while oxygen conditions substantiallyimproved in the following years. Conditions in Traunseesubstantially improved and chloride levels near the sedimentdecreased to less than 140 mg L^-1. The third lakeconsidered here, Attersee, always remained in a near-naturalstate although some signs of increased nutrient levels becamevisible in the late 1970s. Chloride concentrations of around 3 mgL^-1 in this lake can be considered as background levels.Attersee can now serve as a reference site for deep Alpine lakesbecause of its ultra-oligotrophic and pristine nature.