物理因子诱变技术在废水生物处理中的应用研究

污水微生物处理法是废水生物处理的主要方法之一,利用物理因子诱变选育高效菌种,增强它对污染物的降解能力,是水污染治理研究领域的一个热点.本文综述了紫外线、γ射线、离子束和激光等物理因子诱变技术的机理及近年来这个领域的研究进展.     

基于呼吸计量法控制策略的评价基准

国际水质协会（IWA）在第11号科技报告中推出了基于呼吸计量法控制策略的评价基准,本文详细阐述了该模拟基准所定义的三种布局、IWA课题组推荐采用的活性污泥数学模型以及模型参数,介绍了基准定义的进水文件以及对各种控制策略性能指标的计算方法,说明了模拟基准的应用过程。     

传统活性污泥法与膜生物反应器污泥沉降性能的比较

针对污泥沉降性能,在运行条件相同的情况下对膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)进行比较。结果表明：CAS工艺污泥沉降性能优于MBR工艺;CAS工艺出水水质受污泥沉降性能影响大;MBR工艺污泥沉降性能主要由反应器中累积的高浓度胞外聚合物(EPS)含量所影响,当EPS浓度大于100mg／g时,污泥沉降性能开始恶化;CAS工艺曝气池中EPS浓度没有累积;MBR工艺污泥颗粒平均粒径小于CAS工艺中污泥颗粒。     

Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality

• Indirect use of sludge in ditches alongside plants was tested in field experiments. • The dried and stabilized sludge in ditches was recovered with heavy metals. • Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the planted soil were all in a safe range. • The indirect use of sludge increased plant yield, soil N content and C storage. The treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an urgent problem to be resolved in many countries. Safely using the nutrients within MSS to increase crop yield and enhance the fertility of poor soil could contribute to achieving sustainable development. An indirect use of MSS in ditches alongside Pennisetum hybridum plants was studied in field plots for 30 months and the contents of heavy metals and macronutrients were monitored in soil, sludge and plant samples. We found that the yield of P. hybridum was significantly increased by 2.39 to 2.80 times and the treated plants had higher N content compared with no sludge. In addition, the organic matter (OM) and N contents in the planted soil increased significantly compared with the initial soil. The OM content in the planted soil of the MSS treatment was 2.9 to 5.2 times higher than that with no sludge, and N increased by 2.0 to 3.8 times. However, MSS had no significant effect on the N, P and K contents in the soil at the bottom of the MSS ditch, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were also within the safe range. Moreover, the moisture content and phytotoxicity of MSS after this indirect use were reduced and the heavy metal contents changed little, which is favorable to the further disposal of recovered MSS. Therefore, this indirect use of MSS is beneficial to agricultural production, soil quality and environmental sustainability.     

磁性铁基改性生物炭去除水中氨氮

氨氮的过度排放是水体富营养化的一个重要原因.然而,随着环境法规的日益严格,传统方法处理效果难以达到要求.吸附法因高效、安全等优点近年来开始应用于去除水中的氨氮.本研究中以共沉淀法将磁性铁基材料负载到市政污泥生物炭上,结果表明其对水中氨氮有良好的去除效果.80℃下合成的材料（MB₈₀）在293 K下对氨氮的饱和吸附量可达17.52 mg·g^-1.动力学与热力学结果表明,MB₈₀吸附氨氮的过程更符合伪二级动力学和Langmuir等温线.MB₈₀对氨氮的吸附机制可归纳为静电吸引、孔隙填充、离子交换和氢键结合.且5次循环后对氨氮的吸附量仍十分理想,可达3.18 mg·g^-1.本研究的结果可以为高效去除水中氨氮提供一种行之有效的方法,并为市政污泥的处理提供新的出路.     

受四环素影响的活性污泥胞内外聚合物特征

利用离心加超声的方法对处理四环素抗生素废水的活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和胞内聚合物(IPS)进行提取,将其分为-溶解型胞外聚合物(slime)、松散附着型胞外聚合物(LB)、紧密附着型胞外聚合物(TB)、胞内聚合物(IPS).用BCA法和蒽酮-硫酸法测定了各层EPS和IPS溶液中的蛋白质和多糖含量,同时用三维荧光光谱扫描(EEM)和同步荧光光谱扫描(SFS)对其中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行定性和定量分析,结果表明在EPS中的蛋白质和多糖的含量高于IPS,且蛋白质含量均比多糖含量高,而在slime和IPS中的蛋白质和多糖的含量高于LB和TB;低激发波长类色氨酸和高激发波长类色氨酸是EPS和IPS溶液的主要成分,且溶液中的溶解性代谢产物和芳香蛋白类物质相对含量在slime、LB、TB和IPS逐渐增加,而难降解有机物-腐殖酸类物质的相对含量逐渐降低;进水四环素浓度与污泥各层EPS和IPS溶液中DOM也具有较好的相关性;三维荧光法检测溶液中的DOM与化学分析测试出的蛋白质含量具有较好的相关性.     

生物裂解效应对污泥脱水减量的作用研究

从市政污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选培养出噬菌型细菌,并通过噬菌型细菌的富集与投加,探讨其对市政污泥生物裂解预处理的有效性及其所受环境影响因素与作用规律.研究结果显示,市政污泥中存在具有污泥裂解作用的广谱性噬菌型细菌,宿主菌的投加量可影响噬菌型细菌的富集浓度,但培养基营养物组成浓度对噬菌型细菌的生长增殖无明显影响.当筛选出的噬菌型细菌以10⁶ pfu/mL（污泥）与中性市政污泥在室温下共存培养24h即可有效裂解污泥细胞,污泥比阻与污泥体积较未投加任何菌剂的参照污泥降低了36%和15%.并可导致胞内营养物的释放,污泥液相中总氮与总磷浓度较参照污泥分别上升了245%和242%,溶解性COD与总COD比值（SCOD/TCOD）则提高了195%,但生物裂解作用效果并不与裂解时间始终保持正相关性,最佳污泥生物裂解时间为24h.     

Simple model of sludge thickening process in secondary settlers

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a secondary settler acts as a clarifier, sludge thickener, and sludge storage tank during peak flows and therefore plays an important role in the performance of the activated sludge process. Sludge thickening occurs in the lower portions of secondary clarifiers during their operation. In this study, by detecting the hindered zone from the complete thickening process of activated sludge, a simple model for the sludge thickening velocity, u _s = aX ^b (a = 0.9925SSVI _3.5, b = 3.541ln(SSVI _3.5)+12.973), describing the potential and performance of activated sludge thickening in the hindered zone was developed. However, sludge thickening in the compression zone was not studied because sludge in the compression zone showed limited thickening. This empirical model was developed using batch settling data obtained from four WWTPs and validated using measured data from a fifth WWTP to better study sludge thickening. To explore different sludge settling and thickening mechanisms, the curves of sludge thickening and sludge settling were compared. Finally, it was found that several factors including temperature, stirring, initial depth, and polymer conditioning can lead to highly concentrated return sludge and biomass in a biologic reactor.     

HCPA-UF-MBR组合工艺处理低温高色高氨氮水源水研究

将高浓度纯化凹凸棒土(HCPA)投加至UF-MBR中,形成HCPA-UF-MBR组合工艺,研究HCPA-UF-MBR、UF-MBR两平行系统对低温高色高氨氮水源水的除污效果、反应器内活性污泥性能及膜污染情况,考察HCPA的作用机理与效能.结果表明,HCPA-UF-MBR对色度、CODMn、NH -N、TN的平均去除率为94.60%、81.61%、98.44%、58.30%,出水NO -N、NO -N浓度均较低;HCPA投加后,UF-MBR的除污效果与抗冲击负荷能力增强,污泥总活性与硝化活性分别提高了9.09%、105.88%,反应器达到稳定时间短且波动小,内部活性污泥硝化反硝化过程更充分;此外,HCPA吸附混合液中部分有机物,改善了污泥混合液性能,使膜表面滤饼层较疏松且透水性较好,有效地减轻了膜污染程度.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.