Two-Compartment Sorption of Phenanthrene on Eight Soils with Various Organic Carbon Contents

Sorption characteristics of phenanthrene (PHE) were studied on eight soils with organic carbon contents spanning over an order of magnitude using phase distribution relationships (PDRs) at 1 h, 48 h, and 720 h contact times. A new algebraic method was employed to describe the sorption characteristics at different time intervals (between 1 h and 48 h, and 1 h and 720 h). It was found that nonlinearity increased with increasing contact time and sorption that occurred in the subsequent time interval following the initial 1 h exhibited stronger isotherm nonlinearity. Sorption coefficients were positively correlated with the organic carbon contents of the soils. Detailed sorption dynamics were also examined on these soils. A two-compartment, first-order model was used to describe the sorption dynamics. The rate constants of the two compartments differed 18–170 times, suggesting the dissimilar sorption behaviors of the mathematically separated compartments. These two compartments were labeled fast and slow sorption compartment according to the rate constants. Calculation showed that the fast compartment accounted for over 80% of the overall sorption at the initial 1 h, while the slow compartment predominated the total sorption in the following 47 h. By combining the discussion of PDRs and sorption dynamics, the contributions of the two compartments to linear and nonlinear sorption were differentiated. The slow sorption compartment made a major contribution to nonlinear sorption and possibly to sequestration of organic pollutants by these soils.     

长江三峡花岗岩地区土壤流失时间分布特性

长江三峡花岗岩地区坡面土壤流失以耕地砂砾化面蚀和有部分植物覆盖坡面的鳞片状面蚀为主，该地土壤流失研究结果表明，由以上两类面蚀导致的土壤流失量月分布与月降雨量的分布基本趋势一致，二者呈现较为明显的线性相关关系。地面坡度＞３０°的裸地土壤流失量达５０００ｔ／ｋｍ３·ａ以上，覆盖度≥０．７０的林地土壤流失量＜５００ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ，该流域土壤流失量为１５４４．１４ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ，产沙量为６９４．８６ｔ／ｋｍ２·ａ     

有机物辛醇／水分配系数的计算方法：分子碎片常数法

辛醇／水分配系数是表征有机污染物环境行为的重要参数之一，本文应用于碎片常数计算了１３０余个有机化合物的辛醇／水分配系数对数值，通过计算值与实测值的比较发现，两者之间表现出相当好的一致性，其平均绝对误差为０．１３５，此外，还探讨了该方法应用于不同类型有机污染物时需要注意的问题。     

改良剂对4种木本植物的铅锌耐性、亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响

本研究以4种耐铅锌木本植物夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)、泡桐(Paulownia)和苎麻(Boehmeria)为材料,在不同改良剂浓度下(CK组:100%铅锌矿渣±少量磷肥、改良一:85%铅锌矿渣±10%泥炭土±5%菌肥±少量磷肥、改良二:75%铅锌矿渣±20%泥炭土±5%菌肥±少量磷肥),进行了耐性木本植物富集与转移能力以及Pb、Zn在4种木本植物不同部位的亚细胞分布和化学形态分析.结果表明:14种植物种植后基质中重金属的浓度基本低于种植前,夹竹桃与苎麻改良一与改良二之间差异不显著,泡桐改良二效果显著优于改良一,栾树改良一效果显著优于改良二;4种植物地上部对Pb、Zn的富集系数都比较低,但具有较高的转移系数,适当的基质改良有利于提高植物对Pb、Zn的富集与转移能力.2Pb、Zn在4种植物各部位的亚细胞分布以细胞壁组分和可溶性组分为主,在线粒体、叶绿体和细胞核等细胞器组分中分布较少;与CK组相比,两改良组使可溶性组分对Pb的滞留作用和细胞壁对Zn的滞留作用在增强.3Pb在植物各部位的化学形态以盐酸、氯化钠和乙醇提取态为主,其他化学形态含量极少;Zn则以残留态、盐酸、醋酸、氯化钠、水和乙醇提取态这6种形态存在,且都具较高分配比例.与CK组相比,两改良组使植物各部位活性较弱的Pb的化学形态比例减少,活性较强的化学形态比例增加;Zn则是根部活性较强的化学形态比例增加,地上部活性较强的化学形态比例减少.     

直链烷基苯指示城市化过程初步研究

本研究以深圳市作为典型城市化地区代表,以直链烷基苯(LABs)作为环境分子标志物,在分析土壤LABs空间分布特征基础上,通过土壤LABs污染水平与城市化过程指标的相关分析,对直链烷基苯指示城市化过程可能性开展初步研究.结果表明,城市化过程中人口规模、用水状况、城市建设、收入与消费及产业结构这5个方面的因素与土壤中LABs污染水平均有相关性,表明环境LABs水平与城市化过程相关,可以作为环境分子标志物用于指示城市化过程.     

分子筛脱硅对其结构与吸附氨氮性能的影响

为提高分子筛吸附氨氮的能力,采用碱蚀法对4种不同硅铝比ZSM5型分子筛进行脱硅处理,对比了脱硅前后吸附氨氮性能的差异;结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析手段观察了其孔隙与晶体结构、表面形貌的变化,同时借助X射线荧光光谱、傅里叶红外光谱等表征手段分析了其内部元素组成与骨架基团的变化;考察了分子筛脱硅处理对改善其吸附氨氮性能的影响机制.结果表明,分子筛经脱硅后氨氮吸附量大幅提高,硅铝比越大吸附氨氮性能改善越显著,其中,硅铝比最小的ZSM5-27型分子筛脱硅后的氨氮平衡吸附量由5.81mg/g上升至10.44mg/g,上升幅度亦达79.7%;碱蚀脱硅处理有效降低了ZSM5型分子筛的硅铝比,分子筛硅铝比越大降低越显著.分子筛脱硅后,其介孔比表面积与比孔容增加、孔径分布变得宽泛;晶体结构仍保持完整、晶粒形态变得更加清晰规整;离子交换容量增加、硅/铝氧四面体结构单元作用增强.碱蚀法对ZSM5型分子筛具有骨架脱硅补铝、疏通孔道等多重作用,脱硅后分子筛活性位点增加、氨离子扩散阻力下降,吸附性能得到改善.     

上海市大气污染对感冒疾病相对危险度的影响

探讨上海市主要大气污染PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂和O₃的日平均浓度变化以及上海市大气污染对感冒疾病的影响.本文汇总了2008年1月1日~2010年12月31日上海市大气污染、气象要素,以及感冒日就诊人数数据,采用时间序列的Possion半参数广义相加模型,通过平滑样条函数控制长期趋势、"星期几效应"及气象因素等混杂因素的影响,分析上海市大气污染物与居民健康的暴露-反应关系,并按年龄进行分层分析,定量评估上海市大气污染对感冒日就诊人数的影响及滞后效应.结果表明,上海市大气污染物PM₁₀、NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5浓度每增加一个IQR,感冒疾病发生的相对危险度为1.0240（1.0233~1.0246）、1.0206（1.0201~1.0212）、0.9393（0.9384~0.9402）、1.0080（1.0069~1.0086）,大气污染物PM₁₀、NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5浓度每增加10 μg·m^-3,感冒日就诊人数分别增加0.5%、1.0%、-2.0%、0.2%.在多污染模型中,在引入其他污染物后,NO₂和PM_2.5的结果较单污染模型是基本减小的,PM₁₀和O₃的结果是基本增大的.上海市大气污染对感冒疾病的发生有影响.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

中国农田土壤Cd累积分布特征及概率风险评价

通过检索2000~2022年国内外公开发表的文献资料,获得31个省240个市（县）区域160446个农田土壤样点的镉（Cd）含量数据,利用单因子污染指数、地累积指数和概率风险评价方法从整体上分析了我国农田土壤Cd污染时空分布特征及其健康风险,为农田土壤Cd污染治理和风险管控提供了科学依据.结果表明,我国农田土壤ω（Cd）范围在0.012~23.33 mg ·kg^-1,几何均值为0.473 mg ·kg^-1,是我国农用地土壤Cd风险筛选值（6.5华南>西北>东北>华东>华北;从时间尺度来看,我国农田土壤Cd含量在各时间段并无统计学意义的显著性差异（P>0.05）.我国农田土壤Cd对儿童、青年、成年人和老年人尚无非致癌风险,但其对成年人和老年人存在潜在致癌风险,约5.81%和4.49%的成年人和老年人的致癌风险超过美国环保署规定的限量值（1E-06）.为提高农田土壤Cd健康风险评价的准确性,概率生态风险评价中还需要进一步考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和农产品的摄食暴露途径.     

我国东部沿海春季主要大气污染物垂直分布及来源模拟研究

利用2011年3月22日—4月26日在青岛沿海地区及青岛—济南—西安转场航测数据和CMAQ(4.7.1)模式分析了不同航次我国东部沿海春季大气污染物浓度的垂直分布。结果表明,模拟值与监测值有较好的一致性;污染物浓度呈现明显的空间分布特征和时间变化特征;垂直方向上污染物浓度随高度的增加呈下降趋势,污染物主要集中在3 000 m以下;水平方向上污染物浓度分布与污染源位置相对应,呈现出由城市边缘向城市中心推移递增的趋势及区域性特征。通过后向轨迹聚类及情景模拟分析发现,春季我国东部近海大气污染物主要来自山东省、京津冀、江苏省和辽宁省,且随着高度增加京津冀地区污染物的分担率及背景、边界条件对各受体点污染物贡献率逐渐升高。